{"id":53466,"date":"2020-08-04T13:12:15","date_gmt":"2020-08-04T20:12:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=53466"},"modified":"2020-08-04T13:12:15","modified_gmt":"2020-08-04T20:12:15","slug":"deciding-how-and-whether-to-reopen-schools-is-complex-heres-how-rocket-scientists-would-develop-a-plan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/deciding-how-and-whether-to-reopen-schools-is-complex-heres-how-rocket-scientists-would-develop-a-plan\/","title":{"rendered":"Deciding how and whether to reopen schools is complex \u2013 here\u2019s how rocket scientists would develop a plan"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"
\nDealing with the social and economic upheaval from the coronavirus pandemic will require the skills and talents of many types of professions \u2013 medical personnel, public health experts, parents, students, educators, legislators, enforcement authorities and many others. Until now, though, the U.S. has\u00a0struggled to mount<\/a>\u00a0a coordinated national response<\/a>\u00a0to effectively stamp out COVID-19, even as other countries in Europe and East Asia have shown that the\u00a0disease can be controlled<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In the past, the United States has successfully mobilized to address deeply complex challenges and I believe one of those \u2013 sending astronauts to the Moon \u2013 can be instructive today, even though a pandemic is a very different challenge.<\/p>\n

Twelve years after the famed Project Apollo to land men on the Moon in 1969, General Motors hired former NASA Administrator\u00a0Robert Frosch<\/a>\u00a0to bring space-age technology to car manufacturing. He commissioned a small task force to incorporate Apollo\u2019s engineering process into the design of vehicles. I began my systems engineering career in this task force and now work on\u00a0integrating the statistical and management sciences into future moonshots<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Today, this systems engineering approach is central to the automotive \u201cmoonshot\u201d to create driverless vehicles. And I believe the Apollo method could be applied to some of the pandemic\u2019s thornier issues. Let\u2019s look at the challenge of educating U.S. children as an example.<\/p>\n

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u00a0guidelines<\/a>\u00a0recommend reopening school buildings in the fall \u2013 with various safety precautions. But unlike other nations which have dictated specific protocols, the U.S. has delegated those decisions to individual districts. This is where the Apollo engineering system could help: by determining the appropriate division of responsibility based on expertise.<\/p>\n

Systems engineering includes six key steps:<\/p>\n

Define requirements.<\/strong>\u00a0The first step in planning to return students to classrooms or teach online is identifying stakeholders \u2013 including parents, students, teachers, neighbors and employers \u2013 to hear their concerns. Then, planners must itemize the key benefits that school provides in addition to education, such as: child care for working parents, meals for hungry children, discipline and socialization.<\/p>\n

Create the relevant committees and assign responsibilities.<\/strong>\u00a0Coordinating a wide range of experts is critical to safely educating children in person. To do so, a small task force must outline an overarching approach breaking down the overall effort into its component parts, such as transportation to schools, school ventilation and sanitation, curriculum development and serving meals. The task force then creates a committee for each \u201csub-problem,\u201d such as an on-site education committee, testing and tracing, a remote education committee and a medical committee. To ensure that each individual group contributes to a successful overall solution, the task force develops committee requirements to guide and evaluate their efforts, while giving each committee as much flexibility as possible in leveraging its expertise.<\/p>\n

Create the relevant subcommittees and assign responsibilities.<\/strong>\u00a0Each committee outlines its approach to its sub-problem and creates subcommittees to provide more detail on different elements of the approach. For example, the on-site education committee might break off into smaller groups that address safety enforcement, classroom design and building ventilation. Each subcommittee is given \u201csubcommittee requirements\u201d to guide its efforts.<\/p>\n

If necessary, work can be further specialized within sub-subcommitees: The Space Shuttle program involved more than a dozen levels of responsibility.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Children in a pre-school class wear masks and sit at desks spaced apart as per coronavirus guidelines during summer school sessions in Monterey Park, California on July 9, 2020. Frederic J. Brown\/Getty Images<\/p><\/div>\n

Work the plan.<\/strong>\u00a0As each subcommittee tackles its assignment, coordinators orchestrate their efforts to avert missteps and enhance synergies between other groups. For example, if the safety subcommittee concludes that some children\u00a0will not keep masks on in class<\/a>, the coordinator might create more aggressive requirements for those working on classroom design and ventilation. When a subcommittee finishes its assignment, the solution is evaluated against that subcommittee\u2019s requirements.<\/p>\n

Integrate proposals from every committee.<\/strong>\u00a0Once all issues facing on-site education have been addressed, individual solutions \u2013 on masks, building ventilation, classroom design, testing and more \u2013 are evaluated as a whole before being approved as the committee\u2019s integrated, overall solution. The committee solution is then evaluated against the committee\u2019s requirements. Each of the committee solutions are then evaluated as a whole before becoming the task force\u2019s plan. The task force\u2019s plan is then evaluated against its requirements. Stakeholder representatives then evaluate whether the plan ensures that schools can, indeed, open safely.<\/p>\n

[Deep knowledge, daily.<\/em>\u00a0Sign up for The Conversation\u2019s newsletter<\/a>.]<\/p>\n

Support rollout<\/strong>\u00a0Initially, these protocols are implemented at a small scale and then ramped up slowly as all are trained to understand their responsibilities: teachers, administrators and other staff, parents, students, employers, police, doctors, families and government authorities.<\/p>\n

Constant maintenance and nimble adaptation will be needed to deal with unforeseen events like schools running out of masks or from\u00a0students<\/a>\u00a0and school staff getting sick. Once an effective vaccine is available and the pandemic dissipates, the plan must detail how some protocols can be safely dismantled.<\/p>\n

This exercise in systems engineering is not meant to be an actual school opening plan but instead a perspective on how people can organize to address complex problems that involve many groups of people.<\/p>\n

The U.S. has successfully completed moonshots before. We can do it again.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Robert Bordley is Professor and Program Director, Systems Engineering and Design at the University of Michigan<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dealing with the social and economic upheaval from the coronavirus pandemic will require the skills and talents of many types of professions \u2013 medical personnel, public health experts, parents, students, educators, legislators, enforcement authorities and many others. Until now, though, the U.S. has\u00a0struggled to mount\u00a0a coordinated national response\u00a0to effectively stamp out COVID-19, even as other […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":53467,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15645],"tags":[357302],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-53466","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education","tag-reopen-schools"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDeciding how and whether to reopen schools is complex \u2013 here\u2019s how rocket scientists would develop a plan - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/deciding-how-and-whether-to-reopen-schools-is-complex-heres-how-rocket-scientists-would-develop-a-plan\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Deciding how and whether to reopen schools is complex \u2013 here\u2019s how rocket scientists would develop a plan - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dealing with the social and economic upheaval from the coronavirus pandemic will require the skills and talents of many types of professions \u2013 medical personnel, public health experts, parents, students, educators, legislators, enforcement authorities and many others. 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