{"id":53433,"date":"2020-08-03T08:00:22","date_gmt":"2020-08-03T15:00:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?p=53433"},"modified":"2020-08-02T14:04:42","modified_gmt":"2020-08-02T21:04:42","slug":"secondary-school-textbooks-teach-our-kids-the-myth-that-aboriginal-australians-were-nomadic-hunter-gatherers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/secondary-school-textbooks-teach-our-kids-the-myth-that-aboriginal-australians-were-nomadic-hunter-gatherers\/","title":{"rendered":"Secondary school textbooks teach our kids the myth that Aboriginal Australians were nomadic hunter-gatherers"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

In his book Dark Emu,\u00a0Bruce Pascoe<\/a>\u00a0writes that settler Australians wilfully misunderstood, hid and destroyed evidence of Aboriginal Australians\u2019 farming practices.<\/p>\n

My analysis<\/a>\u00a0of secondary school textbooks shows this behaviour isn\u2019t restricted to the past \u2014 it is ongoing.<\/p>\n

In Australia, pre-invasion Aboriginal peoples tend to be portrayed as\u00a0nomadic hunter-gatherers<\/a>. For example, a 1979 textbook titled\u00a0Australia\u2019s frontiers: an atlas of Australian history<\/a>\u00a0by J.R.J. Grigsby and T.F. Gurry said:<\/p>\n

The people of this distinctive race were hunters and gatherers [\u2026] They were constantly on the move, following game or seeking new sources of plant food.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

However,\u00a0physical evidence<\/a>\u00a0as well as the\u00a0journals of early colonists<\/a>\u00a0show Aboriginal peoples farmed and built large villages, meaning many groups stayed in one place.<\/p>\n

Sophisticated farmers<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In the 1970s, evidence of Aboriginal farming in southwest Victoria recorded by white archaeologists confirmed what the local Gunditjmara people had always known: rather than living off whatever they came across,\u00a0the Gunditjmara actively farmed the landscape<\/a>. As in other areas in the world, intensive farming was accompanied by permanent dwellings.<\/p>\n

Writings of early colonists show Aboriginal agriculture was practised Australia-wide. In 2011,\u00a0Bill Gammage<\/a>\u00a0used historical writings to explain how Aboriginal peoples created the park-like landscape \u201cdiscovered\u201d by early colonists.<\/p>\n

Bruce Pascoe\u2019s recent book Dark Emu extends Gammage\u2019s research. Writing about the journals of the early colonists, Pascoe wrote:<\/p>\n

As I read these early journals I came across repeated references to people building dams and wells, planting, irrigating and harvesting seed, preserving the surplus and storing it in houses, sheds or secure vessels, creating elaborate cemeteries and manipulating the landscape \u2013 none of which fitted the definition of hunter-gatherers.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

What are school children taught?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

I analysed\u00a0Australian history narratives<\/a>\u00a0in secondary school textbooks from 1950 to the present. Up until the 2000s, these textbooks repeated the myth that Aboriginal peoples were nomadic hunter-gatherers. For example, a\u00a01984 text<\/a>\u00a0said:<\/p>\n

The Aborigines were nomads or wanderers. The wandered from place to place as they searched for food and water. But each tribe has its own special territory and members of the tribe did not move outside this area [\u2026] The Aborigines knew the places where they would be most likely to find water and things to eat and they visited each place in turn [\u2026] The Aborigines did not farm the land. They didn\u2019t plant and harvest crops or herd animals.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Although factually incorrect, it\u2019s likely the authors of these accounts believed them to be accurate.<\/p>\n

Over time, the textbooks I studied gradually improved as various errors and omissions were corrected. However, it took until the early 2000s before the myth of hunter-gathering was corrected. In 2005, one\u00a0text<\/a>\u00a0for middle school students openly refuted the traditional narrative:<\/p>\n

It has generally long been accepted that Australia\u2019s Indigenous people were traditionally all nomadic [\u2026] Archaeological evidence recently discovered in Victoria seems to suggest, however, that at least some Indigenous people might have had fixed settlements.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"\"

SOSE Alive History p10.<\/p><\/div>\n

This change seems to reflect the impetus to correct misinformation. Remarkably however, this change was short-lived. The publisher reverted to the traditional narrative of Aborigines as hunter-gatherers the very next year. This is the only example I found where textbooks reverted to a previous account that was known to be incorrect. The publisher\u2019s comparable\u00a02006<\/a>\u00a0text stated:<\/p>\n

Collecting food and the natural resources needed to provide shelter and weapons typically took up most of the day [\u2026] Indigenous people took only the resources they needed to live. When a particular territory became too pressured by over-use, the people moved camp, allowing landscapes and resource stocks to be restored.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

This pattern continued in subsequent years. For example, the same publisher\u2019s\u00a02012<\/a>\u00a0textbook claimed:<\/p>\n

The arrival of the British began the process that saw the Gadigal lose their lands and their self-sufficient, hunting and gathering way of life.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The most recent textbooks omit this topic entirely, which means the widely-held myth of hunter-gatherering persists.<\/p>\n

Why aren\u2019t our kids taught about Aboriginal farming?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In Dark Emu, Pascoe explains that denying Aboriginal farming practices enabled the colonisers to reject Aboriginal peoples\u2019 rights to land, shoring up their own claims to legitimacy instead. The invasion and colonisation of Australia was based on the self-justifying legal doctrine\u00a0terra nullius<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 land belonging to no one. A key aspect of this claim was that Aboriginal peoples supposedly didn\u2019t farm.<\/p>\n

European political thinking in the 1800s linked \u201cindustriousness\u201d with rights to land. For example, in 1758, Swiss jurist\u00a0Emmerich de Vattel<\/a>\u00a0argued societies based on the \u201cfruits of the chase\u201d (rather than agricultural production) \u201cmay not complain if more industrious Nations should come and occupy part of their lands\u201d.<\/p>\n

This line of thought allowed the British colonists to reassure themselves the continent was there for the taking and justify their dispossession of Aboriginal peoples.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s difficult to understand why a contemporary publisher of school textbooks would publish misleading or incorrect material. However, we do know changes to secondary school history textbooks have occurred in the context of the \u201chistory wars\u201d in Australia.<\/p>\n

The \u201chistory wars<\/a>\u201d refers to the conservative backlash to the increasing democratisation of Australian history.<\/p>\n

From the 1970s,\u00a0complexity was introduced to Australian histories<\/a>. The traditional tale of heroic, elite, white men was moderated by including the perspectives and voices of Aboriginal peoples, non-white immigrants and white women and workers. The \u201chistory wars\u201d is an attempt to marginalise these voices and return to traditional narratives.<\/p>\n

Textbooks record the dominant understandings and values of the society in which they are published. The intrusion of the\u00a0history wars<\/a>\u00a0into the school curriculum reveal a struggle to define these dominant understandings.<\/p>\n

History textbooks<\/a>\u00a0are crucial to students\u2019 understanding of our nation. In colonised nations such as Australia,\u00a0foundational narratives<\/a>\u00a0are fashioned to establish the legitimacy of the nation. In Australia, it seems as if this fashioning requires Aboriginal peoples to be portrayed as hunter-gatherers.<\/p>\n

Most of us who\u2019ve been educated in Australia hold racist stereotypes of Aboriginal society as\u00a0primitive and savage<\/a>. We\u2019ve imbibed these stereotypes as part of our education. Resistance and refusal to acknowledge Aboriginal agricultural practices supports these stereotypes and leads to discriminatory attitudes which continue to impact Aboriginal Australians. Shattering these stereotypes is crucial to improving the lives of Aboriginal Australians. Our textbooks need to do better.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Robyn Moore is a Social Researcher, School of Social Sciences at the University of Tasmania<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In his book Dark Emu,\u00a0Bruce Pascoe\u00a0writes that settler Australians wilfully misunderstood, hid and destroyed evidence of Aboriginal Australians\u2019 farming practices. My analysis\u00a0of secondary school textbooks shows this behaviour isn\u2019t restricted to the past \u2014 it is ongoing. In Australia, pre-invasion Aboriginal peoples tend to be portrayed as\u00a0nomadic hunter-gatherers. For example, a 1979 textbook titled\u00a0Australia\u2019s frontiers: […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":53434,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[8690],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-53433","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-aboriginal-australians"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSecondary school textbooks teach our kids the myth that Aboriginal Australians were nomadic hunter-gatherers - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/secondary-school-textbooks-teach-our-kids-the-myth-that-aboriginal-australians-were-nomadic-hunter-gatherers\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Secondary school textbooks teach our kids the myth that Aboriginal Australians were nomadic hunter-gatherers - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In his book Dark Emu,\u00a0Bruce Pascoe\u00a0writes that settler Australians wilfully misunderstood, hid and destroyed evidence of Aboriginal Australians\u2019 farming practices. 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