{"id":53015,"date":"2020-06-26T13:24:25","date_gmt":"2020-06-26T20:24:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/world.edu\/?p=53015"},"modified":"2020-06-26T13:24:25","modified_gmt":"2020-06-26T20:24:25","slug":"authorities-are-yanking-the-legacy-of-slaveholder-john-c-calhoun-from-public-sphere-but-his-bigotry-remains-embedded-in-american-society","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/authorities-are-yanking-the-legacy-of-slaveholder-john-c-calhoun-from-public-sphere-but-his-bigotry-remains-embedded-in-american-society\/","title":{"rendered":"Authorities are yanking the legacy of slaveholder John C. Calhoun from public sphere, but his bigotry remains embedded in American society"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"
\nWhen I toured the\u00a0South Carolina Governor\u2019s Mansion<\/a>\u00a0in 2019, I noticed the multi-volume\u00a0papers of John C. Calhoun<\/a>\u00a0on display. It struck me as remarkable that Calhoun\u2019s ideas would be featured so prominently given his vigorous defense of slavery and his role in laying the groundwork for the Civil War.<\/p>\n

But the reality is\u00a0Calhoun\u2019s legacy<\/a>\u00a0until now has been quite prominent in American society \u2013 and not just in the South.<\/p>\n

His statue stands between the two chambers of the House and Senate in the South Carolina Statehouse. However, a separate statue in Charleston has been\u00a0removed<\/a>\u00a0from the town square following nationwide protests sparked by the killing of George Floyd during an encounter with police. The statue had stood for 124 years just a block from\u00a0Mother Emanuel Church<\/a>, site of the\u00a0horrific shooting massacre in 2015<\/a>\u00a0of nine Black worshipers by an avowed white supremacist. The church is also located on Calhoun Street.<\/p>\n

Despite his historic prominence, Calhoun\u2019s days as a revered icon in the public sphere are gradually coming to an end.<\/p>\n

Calhoun is all around us<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Numerous cities and counties, streets and roads, schools and other public places are named for Calhoun, a\u00a0slaveholder<\/a>\u00a0who served as\u00a0secretary of state<\/a>,\u00a0secretary of war<\/a>,\u00a0a U.S. senator<\/a>, and two terms as\u00a0vice president<\/a>.<\/p>\n

For instance, the\u00a0Calhoun State Office Building<\/a>\u00a0sits in the capitol complex in Columbia, South Carolina\u2019s state capital city.<\/p>\n

There are counties named for him in his\u00a0home state<\/a>, as well as\u00a0Alabama<\/a>,\u00a0Arkansas<\/a>,\u00a0Georgia<\/a>\u00a0and elsewhere in the South. There is even a\u00a0Calhoun County in Michigan<\/a>\u00a0named for him.<\/p>\n

Major streets in Columbia and Charleston, still bear his name.<\/p>\n

Colleges and universities<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Despite his prominence elsewhere, Calhoun is about to become less prominent on the landscape of American higher education.<\/p>\n

The board of trustees at Clemson University, a public university,\u00a0announced<\/a>\u00a0on June 12 that its Honors College would no longer be named after Calhoun.<\/p>\n

South Carolina\u2019s \u201cHeritage Act<\/a>\u201d prevents renaming of buildings without legislative approval, but the honors college is an organizational unit, not a building.<\/p>\n

This is a particularly significant development given that Clemson University sits on what was once\u00a0Calhoun\u2019s plantation<\/a>, which his daughter and her husband, Thomas Clemson, inherited.<\/p>\n

While public memorials of Calhoun appear to be on the decline, what I find more significant \u2013 and more troublesome \u2013 is the way that Calhoun\u2019s ideology has been ingrained in the American culture and psyche \u2013 thanks in large part to the way his ideas were embraced in U.S. institutions of higher learning long after his death.<\/p>\n

I make this observation as a historian and author of a chapter for the\u00a0forthcoming book<\/a>\u00a0\u201cPersistence Through Peril: Episodes of College Life and Academic Endurance in the Civil War South.\u201d<\/p>\n

Who was he?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Calhoun<\/a>, who was born in 1782 and died a decade before the Civil War began, in 1850, was not only a\u00a0slaveholder<\/a>\u00a0and an ardent defender of slavery, but a chief architect of the political system that allowed slavery to persist.<\/p>\n

\"\"More enduring than the effects of his political career \u2013 which included the\u00a0annexation of Texas<\/a>\u00a0to expand the number of slaveholding states \u2013 are the repercussions of his political ideology.<\/p>\n

As a political theorist, Calhoun is best known for two ideas: \u201cconcurrent majority<\/a>\u201d and \u201cnullification.\u201d A concurrent majority is the notion that a minority of the electorate \u2013 namely, one with money and property \u2013 can veto a political majority.<\/p>\n

This idea is related to his belief in\u00a0nullification<\/a>\u00a0theory, which is the idea that a state can void federal laws. Nullification made the idea of South Carolina seceding from the nation \u2013 and the creation of the Confederacy \u2013 a political possibility and then a reality.<\/p>\n

Calhoun laid out his arguments for these ideas in his treatise \u201cA Disquisition on Government<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

While some Americans defended slavery as a \u201cnecessary evil<\/a>\u201d Calhoun viewed slavery as \u201ca positive good<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

He held\u00a0paternalistic views of Blacks as well as other non-whites<\/a>, declaring: \u201cWe make a great mistake when we suppose that all people are capable of self-government.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Calhoun curriculum<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Calhoun\u2019s political doctrines were taught explicitly in college classrooms for decades after his death. There are still\u00a0remnants<\/a>\u00a0in the curriculum.<\/p>\n

His own views on nullification theory, states\u2019 rights and secession were formed when he studied at Yale University where the college\u2019s president,\u00a0Timothy Dwight<\/a>, introduced to him the espoused the idea that New England could leave the young nation and become a separate country. Yale named a residential college in his honor in 1931. It\u00a0renamed it in 2017<\/a>\u00a0after the intense pressure from students and alumni that followed the Charleston massacre at the Mother Emanuel Church.<\/p>\n

In the chapter that I am writing for \u201cPersistence through Peril,\u201d I am explaining how Calhoun\u2019s ideologies permeated Southern institutions of higher education. His views were taught at the Military Academy of South Carolina, before, during and after the Civil War. When those cadets studied the U.S. Constitution, their professors and texts emphasized Calhoun\u2019s interpretation of it.<\/p>\n

John Peyre Thomas<\/a>, a Citadel graduate and Confederate Army colonel who served as professor, superintendent and later trustee at The Citadel, heaped praise upon Calhoun, having served as editor for\u00a0The Carolina Tribute to Calhoun<\/a>\u00a0in 1857.<\/p>\n

In a speech given at Clemson University on June 22, 1897, Thomas declared, \u201cIt is conceded that Calhoun\u2019s standard in the science of government is so lofty as in some respects to be unattainable in our day and generation.\u201d<\/p>\n

The road ahead<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Decades of teaching a particular doctrine do not fade easily or quickly. The United States is now witnessing another\u00a0racial awakening<\/a>\u00a0with protests for social justice. Symbols of racism and white supremacy are being removed from higher education.<\/p>\n

On June 17, the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Board of Trustees\u00a0reversed<\/a>\u00a0its\u00a016-year moratorium<\/a>\u00a0on renaming buildings, put in place after the statue known as \u201cSilent Sam<\/a>\u201d was torn down in 2018.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0University System of Georgia<\/a>, which includes the University of Georgia, also moved in June 2020 to review the names of its buildings. This would include the University of Georgia\u2019s Grady School of Journalism, which is named after Henry Grady, an\u00a0avowed white supremacist<\/a>.<\/p>\n

After Calhoun\u2019s death in 1850, his colleague in the Senate,\u00a0Thomas Hart Benton<\/a>\u00a0of Missouri, remarked about him: \u201cHe is not dead. There may be no vitality in his body, but there is in his doctrines.\u201d He was prophetic in his words.<\/p>\n

Calhoun\u2019s ideologies\u00a0fueled the Civil War<\/a>, gave comfort to those who believed in the \u201cLost Cause<\/a>\u201d (that is, to show the Civil War in the best light possible from the Confederate point of view) and perpetuated the teaching of racist and white supremacist attitudes.<\/p>\n

Because the ideas he espoused have flourished, I believe that dismantling his legacy will take much more than just removing statues of his likeness or renaming buildings, streets and other public places named in his honor.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Christian K. Anderson is Associate Professor at the University of South Carolina<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

When I toured the\u00a0South Carolina Governor\u2019s Mansion\u00a0in 2019, I noticed the multi-volume\u00a0papers of John C. Calhoun\u00a0on display. It struck me as remarkable that Calhoun\u2019s ideas would be featured so prominently given his vigorous defense of slavery and his role in laying the groundwork for the Civil War. But the reality is\u00a0Calhoun\u2019s legacy\u00a0until now has been […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":53016,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15645],"tags":[357244],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-53015","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education","tag-calhouns-legacy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAuthorities are yanking the legacy of slaveholder John C. 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