{"id":49361,"date":"2019-09-09T16:07:02","date_gmt":"2019-09-09T23:07:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/world.edu\/?p=49361"},"modified":"2019-09-09T16:07:02","modified_gmt":"2019-09-09T23:07:02","slug":"math-skills-arent-enough-to-get-through-hard-decisions-you-need-confidence-too","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/math-skills-arent-enough-to-get-through-hard-decisions-you-need-confidence-too\/","title":{"rendered":"Math skills aren\u2019t enough to get through hard decisions \u2013 you need confidence, too"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Almost a third of American adults\u00a0don\u2019t have the math skills<\/a>\u00a0necessary to make effective decisions about their health and finances.<\/p>\n

These 73 million people can count, sort and do simple arithmetic. But they likely cannot select the\u00a0health plan with the lowest cost<\/a>\u00a0based on annual premiums and deductibles, or figure out that they can\u2019t\u00a0pay off credit card debt<\/a>\u00a0based on the amount they owe, minimum monthly payments and an annual percentage rate.<\/p>\n

These people are innumerate, meaning they\u2019re unskilled with numbers. Numerate people, in contrast, are mathematically proficient.<\/p>\n

In our<\/a>\u00a0research<\/a>\u00a0as psychologists, we measure numeracy with a math test. If you can answer the following question correctly, your response falls in the\u00a0top half of well-educated Americans<\/a>, and you are highly numerate:<\/p>\n

\u201cOut of 1,000 people in a small town, 500 are members of a choir. Out of these 500 members in the choir, 100 are men. Out of the 500 inhabitants that are not in the choir, 300 are men. What is the probability that a randomly drawn man is a member of the choir?\u201d (The answer is at the end of this article.)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

People who are better at answering these kinds of math questions\u00a0make decisions differently<\/a>\u00a0than those who struggle with them. The highly numerate\u00a0search for<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0think hard about<\/a>\u00a0numbers when they make decisions. Ultimately, they\u00a0trust numbers more<\/a>\u00a0and have a clearer understanding of what the\u00a0numbers mean for their decisions<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The less numerate, however,\u00a0rely more on<\/a>\u00a0compelling stories<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0emotional reactions<\/a>\u00a0in decisions rather than the hard facts. They tend to make worse decisions for themselves when numbers are involved.<\/p>\n

Being numerate doesn\u2019t guarantee you\u2019ll use numbers well in decisions, though. Confidence matters too. We\u00a0measure numeric confidence with questions<\/a>\u00a0like \u201cHow good are you at working with fractions?\u201d More numerically confident people\u00a0stick longer<\/a>\u00a0with even tedious or difficult mathematical tasks. For best outcomes, you need to use numbers correctly, and you need to persist when the going gets tough. That is, you need to be numerate and you need to be numerically confident.<\/p>\n

But\u00a0our new research suggests<\/a>\u00a0that more is not always better when it comes to number skills and number confidence. Instead, having a good understanding of your ability \u2013 a match between ability and confidence \u2013 is critical.<\/p>\n

Clear-eyed assessment of one\u2019s own numeracy<\/h4>\n

To investigate this connection between math ability and confidence, we carried out two separate studies.<\/p>\n

In one, we measured 13 self-reported good financial outcomes among 4,572 Americans \u2013 things like not having high credit-card debt or a payday loan. Out of our 13 possible financial outcome scenarios, we then counted up how many good outcomes each person experienced.<\/p>\n

In the second, we collected data on physician-reported disease activity among 91 lupus patients. Less disease activity \u2013 for example, better medical test results or fewer new rashes \u2013 means a healthier patient.<\/p>\n

We saw the best financial and health outcomes in those with high numeracy and high numeric confidence. \u201cMismatched\u201d individuals \u2013 with either high ability and low confidence, or low ability and high confidence \u2013 experienced the worst outcomes.<\/p>\n

And the effects were not small.<\/p>\n

Individuals in our financial survey who scored perfectly on our math test and also had high confidence in their ability \u2013 meaning their ability and confidence matched \u2013 reported 82% of the good financial outcomes that were possible, and therefore only 18% of the possible bad outcomes, like filing for bankruptcy. People who scored just as well on the test but had low confidence in their numeric skills \u2013 so were mismatched \u2013 reported fewer good outcomes, only 78%.
\n\"\"<\/p>\n

Just a few percentage points here actually have a big impact on how well someone is doing financially. For instance, our analysis indicates that a person would have to make about US$94,000 in additional annual income for that same 4% difference in financial outcomes to emerge.<\/p>\n

Among lupus patients higher in numeric confidence, if they scored perfectly on our numeracy test, they had only a 7% chance of needing more aggressive treatment to control their disease at their doctor\u2019s visit. However, those with high confidence and the lowest numeracy score had a much higher, 44%, chance of needing additional treatment to control their disease.
\n\"\"<\/p>\n

What we think happens is that people who are more confident about their ability with numbers play a more active role in their health and financial decisions. If they also have good math skills, they can flourish. For example, with high numeric confidence, they would be more likely to engage in decisions about their health. With high numeric skills, they are then better able to choose high-quality doctors and take medications appropriately. But if they have poorer math skills that don\u2019t support their confidence, they may make mistakes that go unnoticed and suffer the consequences.<\/p>\n

For those who are lower in numeric confidence, having good math skills makes little difference to their health or finances, presumably because they fail to try.<\/p>\n

Boosting your own math brain<\/h4>\n

No matter your own situation, you are bound to encounter numbers in the course of living your life. Here are a few things you can do to help yourself become more numerate \u2013 and hopefully improve your financial and physical health.<\/p>\n

First, understand your skills.<\/p>\n

Believing you are not skilled can harm you, even if it\u2019s not true. Be open to the possibility that you are good at math. Then again, believing you are skilled when you aren\u2019t also can hurt. Ask for and accept help as needed. For example, you could ask a financial planner to assist with your retirement planning.<\/p>\n

Secondly, ask people to communicate numbers in ways that make them easy to understand and use.<\/p>\n

Research shows that\u00a0how numbers are presented<\/a>\u00a0can matter as much as what is presented. For example, you might see a news story that says 1 out of 100,000 people who ate some food got cancer. If that sounds scary, try calculating that proportion as a percentage, or ask your doctor to translate the number to that format. In this case, it\u2019s only 0.001%. For many people, a number presented in that first\u00a0frequency format seems highly risky<\/a>, even though the equivalent percentage is tiny.<\/p>\n

And lastly, practice, practice, practice.<\/p>\n

Begin by working on simple math like addition and subtraction. Most important, get feedback. Learning requires knowing what you\u2019ve gotten right and wrong.<\/p>\n

You can also help your numeric confidence and make later practice more effective by maintaining a positive overall view of yourself. One way to do this is to remind yourself about what is truly important to you, like family and friends, religion or politics. This way, you can feel good about yourself even while you attempt to get better at something that challenges you, like math.\u00a0Our research<\/a>\u00a0shows that taking these steps improves numeracy and outcomes.<\/p>\n

These and other results cry out for better math instruction, and for everyone to take math learning and careful communication of numbers more seriously. Many older adults are facing health issues and retirement with insufficient finances. We believe that improving numeracy, numeric confidence and their match will help younger generations to plan better.<\/p>\n

And that question about choir membership from above? The correct answer is 25%.<\/p>\n

Author Bios: <\/strong>Ellen Peters is the Philip H. Knight Professor of Science Communication at the University of Oregon and Brittany Shoots-Reinhard is a Research Assistant Professor of Psychology at The Ohio State University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Almost a third of American adults\u00a0don\u2019t have the math skills\u00a0necessary to make effective decisions about their health and finances. These 73 million people can count, sort and do simple arithmetic. But they likely cannot select the\u00a0health plan with the lowest cost\u00a0based on annual premiums and deductibles, or figure out that they can\u2019t\u00a0pay off credit card […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":49362,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15645],"tags":[295400],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-49361","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education","tag-math-literacy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMath skills aren\u2019t enough to get through hard decisions \u2013 you need confidence, too - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/math-skills-arent-enough-to-get-through-hard-decisions-you-need-confidence-too\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Math skills aren\u2019t enough to get through hard decisions \u2013 you need confidence, too - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Almost a third of American adults\u00a0don\u2019t have the math skills\u00a0necessary to make effective decisions about their health and finances. 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