{"id":47849,"date":"2019-05-08T21:23:38","date_gmt":"2019-05-09T04:23:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/world.edu\/?p=47849"},"modified":"2019-05-08T21:23:38","modified_gmt":"2019-05-09T04:23:38","slug":"from-total-exoneration-to-impeach-now-the-mueller-report-and-dueling-fact-perceptions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/from-total-exoneration-to-impeach-now-the-mueller-report-and-dueling-fact-perceptions\/","title":{"rendered":"From \u2018Total exoneration!\u2019 to \u2018Impeach now!\u2019 \u2013 the Mueller report and dueling fact perceptions"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"
\nThe Mueller report<\/a>\u00a0was supposed to settle, once and for all, the controversy over whether the Trump team colluded with Russians or obstructed justice.<\/p>\n

Clearly\u00a0it has not<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Reactions to the report have ranged from\u00a0\u201ctotal exoneration!\u201d<\/a>\u00a0to\u00a0\u201cimpeach now!\u201d<\/a><\/p>\n

Shouldn\u2019t nearly 700 hundred pages of details, after almost two years of waiting, have helped the nation to achieve a consensus over what happened?<\/p>\n

Well, no.<\/p>\n

As the German philosopher\u00a0Goethe said<\/a>\u00a0in the early 1800s, \u201cEach sees what is present in their heart.\u201d<\/p>\n

Since 2013 \u2013 long before Donald Trump was even a candidate \u2013\u00a0we have been studying<\/a>\u00a0the \u201cdueling facts\u201d phenomenon: the tendency for Red and Blue America to perceive reality in starkly different ways.<\/p>\n

Based on that work, we expected the report to settle next to nothing.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0conflicting factual assertions that have emerged<\/a>\u00a0since the report\u2019s release highlight just how easy it is for citizens to believe what they want, regardless of what Robert Mueller, William Barr or anyone else has to say about it.<\/p>\n

Dueling facts in American democracy<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Our research has led us to several conclusions about the future of political discourse in the U.S.<\/p>\n

The first is that dueling fact perceptions are rampant, and they are more entrenched than most people realize.<\/p>\n

Some examples of this include conflicting perceptions about\u00a0the existence of climate change<\/a>, the\u00a0strength of the economy<\/a>, the\u00a0consequences of racism<\/a>, the\u00a0origins of sexual orientation<\/a>, the utility of\u00a0minimum wage increases<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0gun control<\/a>, the\u00a0crime rate<\/a>\u00a0and the\u00a0safety of vaccines<\/a>.<\/p>\n

This has serious implications for American democracy. As political scientists, we wonder: How can a community decide the direction they should go, if they cannot even agree on where they are? Can people holding dueling facts be brought into some semblance of consensus?<\/p>\n

To figure that out, it is important to determine where such divergent beliefs come from in the first place.<\/p>\n

This is the perspective we began with: If dueling fact perceptions are driven by misinformation from politicians and pundits, then one would expect things to get better by making sure that people have access to correct information \u2013 via fact-checking, for example.<\/p>\n

We envisioned the dueling facts phenomenon as being primarily tribal, driven by cheerleading on each side for their partisan \u201cteams.\u201d We assumed,\u00a0like most other scholars<\/a>, that individuals are simply led astray by their team\u2019s coaches (party leaders), star players (media pundits) or fellow fans (social media feeds).<\/p>\n

But it turns out that the roots of such divergent views go much deeper.
\n

\"\"

Dueling facts: Climate change was referred to on an Obama administration EPA page, left; it was excluded on the Trump administration\u2019s version of the page. EPA vis AP<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

We found that voters see the world in ways that\u00a0reinforce their values and identities<\/a>, irrespective of whether they have ever watched Fox News or MSNBC, and regardless of whether they have a Facebook account.<\/p>\n

For example, according to our data from five years of national surveys from 2013 to 2017, the most important predictor of whether a person views racism as highly prevalent and influential is not her partisan identification. It is not her general ideological outlook. It is not the amount or type of media that she consumes. It is not even her own race.<\/p>\n

It is the degree to which she prioritizes compassion as a public virtue, relative to other things like rugged individualism.<\/p>\n

Facts rooted in values<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Values not only shape what people see, but they also structure what people look for in the first place. We call this \u201cintuitive epistemology.\u201d<\/p>\n

Those who care about oppression look for oppression, so they find it. Those who care about security look for threats to it, and they find them. In other words, people do not end up with the same answers because they do not begin with the same questions.<\/p>\n

For example, the perception that vaccines cause autism \u2013 against all available empirical evidence \u2013 is now shared\u00a0equally by Democrats and Republicans<\/a>. Partisanship cannot account for this dueling fact perception.<\/p>\n

But when we looked at the role of core values and their associated questions, we found the strongest predictor. If someone we surveyed ranked this question highly, \u201cDoes it appear that people are committing indecent acts or degrading something sacred?\u201d they were by far the most likely to believe that vaccines are dangerous.<\/p>\n

Partisan identity, on the other hand, has no relationship at all with those beliefs. Because the starting points for different groups of citizens are deeply polarized, so are their ending points. And the starting points are often values rather than parties.<\/p>\n

The stronger those commitments to their values are, the stronger the effects. Those with extreme value commitments are\u00a0much more certain<\/a>than others that their perceptions are correct.<\/p>\n

What next?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Perhaps the most disappointing finding from our studies \u2013 at least from our point of view \u2013 is that there are no known fixes to this problem.<\/p>\n

Fact-checking\u00a0tends to fall flat<\/a>. The voters who need to hear corrections rarely read fact-checks. And for those who might stumble across them, reports from distant and distrusted experts are no match for closely held values and defining identities.<\/p>\n

Education is the another possible means of encouraging consensus perceptions, but it actually makes things worse.<\/p>\n

Rather than training people how to think more reasonably, college and graduate school merely sharpen the lenses graduates use to perceive reality.\u00a0In our data<\/a>, those with higher levels of education are more, not less, divided. And the higher the level of training, the more tightly values and perceptions intertwine. Education provides the tools to more efficiently match their preferred values to their perceived facts.<\/p>\n

Based on this evidence, we conclude that dueling fact perceptions (or what some have labeled \u201calternative facts\u201d) are probably here to stay, and worsen.<\/p>\n

>Mueller\u2019s muddle<\/h4>\n

We suspect that the Mueller report would have been rejected by roughly half the country, even if its conclusions had been definitive.<\/p>\n

But with key phrases like \u201cAccordingly, while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him,\u201d the report\u2019s indecisiveness reinforces how difficult it can be to really know the \u201ctruth\u201d about a lot of things.<\/p>\n

If a respected prosecutor like Robert Mueller can\u2019t offer a firm conclusion after two years of document dumps and interviews, what are the rest of us to do?<\/p>\n

As with so many other things, people will go with their guts, using their heads to feel better about the choices they have already made.<\/p>\n

Our conclusions are much more definitive than Mueller\u2019s: We see clear evidence of collusion and obstruction. Collusion between values and facts. Obstruction of the capacity to observe and accept legitimate evidence.<\/p>\n

So for the past couple of weeks, the chorus of \u201cI told you so!\u201d has rung out from the country\u2019s Blue coastlines and from every Red mile of heartland in-between.<\/p>\n

And with that, the U.S. continues to inch ever closer to a public square in which consensus perceptions are unavailable and facts are irrelevant.<\/p>\n

Author Bios:<\/strong> David C. Barker is Professor of Government and Director of the Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies at the American University School of Public Affairs and Morgan Marietta is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts Lowell<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Mueller report\u00a0was supposed to settle, once and for all, the controversy over whether the Trump team colluded with Russians or obstructed justice. Clearly\u00a0it has not. Reactions to the report have ranged from\u00a0\u201ctotal exoneration!\u201d\u00a0to\u00a0\u201cimpeach now!\u201d Shouldn\u2019t nearly 700 hundred pages of details, after almost two years of waiting, have helped the nation to achieve a […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":47850,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[295240],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-47849","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business-politics","tag-mueller-report"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFrom \u2018Total exoneration!\u2019 to \u2018Impeach now!\u2019 \u2013 the Mueller report and dueling fact perceptions - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/from-total-exoneration-to-impeach-now-the-mueller-report-and-dueling-fact-perceptions\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"From \u2018Total exoneration!\u2019 to \u2018Impeach now!\u2019 \u2013 the Mueller report and dueling fact perceptions - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Mueller report\u00a0was supposed to settle, once and for all, the controversy over whether the Trump team colluded with Russians or obstructed justice. 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