{"id":46878,"date":"2019-02-14T11:14:38","date_gmt":"2019-02-14T19:14:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/world.edu\/?p=46878"},"modified":"2019-02-14T11:14:38","modified_gmt":"2019-02-14T19:14:38","slug":"just-what-are-zero-tolerance-policies-and-are-they-still-common-in-americas-schools","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/just-what-are-zero-tolerance-policies-and-are-they-still-common-in-americas-schools\/","title":{"rendered":"Just what are \u2018zero tolerance\u2019 policies \u2013 and are they still common in America\u2019s schools?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"
\nWhen parents and educators discuss school discipline, one of the things that comes up most are \u201czero tolerance\u201d policies. This term is often misused and misunderstood, according to\u00a0new research<\/a>\u00a0I published recently.<\/p>\n

Zero tolerance policies are also thought to be widespread. But, my work and a\u00a0recent report<\/a>\u00a0show they are actually less common than frequently thought.<\/p>\n

Zero tolerance policies are likely to get more attention now that education secretary\u00a0Betsy DeVos has repealed<\/a>\u00a0Obama-era guidance that sought to reduce suspensions, particularly among children of color. Some\u00a0claimed<\/a>\u00a0that the guidance may have made things worse \u2013 and even contributed to school shootings \u2013 by discouraging schools from reporting problem behavior.<\/p>\n

A better understanding of zero tolerance is important, then, as schools nationwide once again\u00a0grapple with the proper approach to discipline<\/a>. Below, I explain some basic facts about zero tolerance policies and how prevalent they are in America\u2019s schools.<\/p>\n

Just what is a zero tolerance policy?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Zero tolerance policies require specific and generally serious responses \u2013 such as suspension or expulsion \u2013 for certain types of student misconduct. The Department of Education\u2019s Office for Civil Rights\u00a0defines a zero tolerance policy<\/a>\u00a0as one that \u201cresults in mandatory expulsion of any student who commits one or more specified offenses.\u201d<\/p>\n

As early as the late 1980s, a\u00a0handful of states<\/a>\u00a0had already adopted such laws for offenses like drugs or assaults. The 1994 passage of the federal\u00a0Gun-Free Schools Act<\/a>\u00a0resulted in the\u00a0expansion of mandatory expulsion<\/a>policies for firearm offenses to all states.\u00a0Wider use<\/a>\u00a0of zero tolerance approaches by schools for other offenses, such as tobacco and alcohol, soon followed.<\/p>\n

In recent years, however, the term \u201czero tolerance\u201d has frequently been used by advocates and the media to describe a wider range of disciplinary approaches. For example, the\u00a0Advancement Project<\/a>, an advocacy organization, has used the term \u201czero tolerance\u201d as \u201cshorthand for all punitive school discipline policies and practices<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

These kinds of broad definitions might rally people to join the cause of school discipline reform. However, they also muddy the water when it comes to understanding the scope of actual zero tolerance policies and efforts to reform specific practices of schools.<\/p>\n

For example,\u00a0research I have conducted<\/a>\u00a0with education policy expert\u00a0Maida Finch<\/a>\u00a0of Salisbury University shows that exclusionary forms of discipline, like suspension, are an option for infractions at many schools but\u00a0usually are not required<\/a>. Instead, exclusionary forms of discipline are often part of a tiered system in which other interventions are tried first. A tiered system might be viewed as \u201czero tolerance\u201d based on a broad definition like that used by the Advancement Project. However, it is a far stretch from being zero tolerance in actual practice.<\/p>\n

How common are zero tolerance policies?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In a recent study, I\u00a0found<\/a>\u00a0that, as of 2013, only seven states and 12 percent of school districts had discipline policies that used the term \u201czero tolerance.\u201d While almost all states and about two-thirds of districts had a policy that required expulsion for certain infractions, these state laws and district policies overwhelmingly applied to serious infractions, like bringing a gun to school.<\/p>\n

A\u00a0recent report<\/a>\u00a0by the Education Commission of the States shows that only 15 states require suspension or expulsion for physical harm or assault. And only 11 do for drug use or possession. Only two states\u2019 statutes require suspension or expulsion for less serious infractions, like defiance or disruptive behavior.<\/p>\n

This focus on serious infractions in laws and policies contrasts with many\u00a0media portrayals of zero tolerance<\/a>. Based on my\u00a0research<\/a>, media portrayals of zero tolerance are more likely to focus on minor offenses. For example, the term \u201czero tolerance\u201d has been\u00a0used by the media<\/a>\u00a0to refer to situations where students were suspended for minor offenses, such as failing to wear a student ID badge, but only after multiple violations of the rule.<\/p>\n

The lack of broad presence of zero tolerance policies is, in part, a result of states adopting more laws that\u00a0scale back exclusionary discipline<\/a>\u00a0and fewer laws that call for exclusionary approaches.<\/p>\n

Many school districts have also\u00a0limited the use of suspensions<\/a>. For example,\u00a0Philadelphia banned<\/a>\u00a0the use of suspensions for minor infractions. Other districts, such as\u00a0New York City<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Austin, Texas<\/a>, have adopted changes that make it more difficult to suspend students in the earliest grades.<\/p>\n

Are zero tolerance policies the enemy?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

During the 1990s, proponents of zero tolerance discipline saw it as a solution for\u00a0school violence<\/a>. They also saw it as a way to\u00a0ensure unbiased discipline<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0removing discretion<\/a>\u00a0from school staff. For example, in 1995 Albert Shanker, then-president of the American Federation of Teachers,\u00a0stated<\/a>: \u201cThe way to make sure that this is done fairly and is not done in a prejudiced way is to say, look, we don\u2019t care if you\u2019re white or Hispanic or African-American or whether you\u2019re a recent immigrant or this or that, for this infraction, this is what happens.\u201d<\/p>\n

To the contrary, however, studies have found that zero tolerance policies can\u00a0increase suspensions<\/a>\u00a0and exacerbate\u00a0racial disparities in discipline<\/a>. They may also\u00a0yield little benefit<\/a>\u00a0in terms of improved school climate.<\/p>\n

Addressing zero tolerance policies is important. However, in my view, it\u2019s important to look beyond zero tolerance. In general,\u00a0almost half of suspensions<\/a>\u00a0occur for less serious infractions, like defiance or disruption. Students are being suspended for these infractions even when there isn\u2019t a zero tolerance requirement in place.<\/p>\n

Perhaps if everyone were more clear about what is and what isn\u2019t zero tolerance, it would lead to more productive discussions about how to reform school discipline and improve outcomes for students.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> F. Chris Curran is an Assistant Professor of Public Policy at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

When parents and educators discuss school discipline, one of the things that comes up most are \u201czero tolerance\u201d policies. This term is often misused and misunderstood, according to\u00a0new research\u00a0I published recently. Zero tolerance policies are also thought to be widespread. But, my work and a\u00a0recent report\u00a0show they are actually less common than frequently thought. Zero […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":46879,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15645],"tags":[13038],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-46878","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education","tag-discipline"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nJust what are \u2018zero tolerance\u2019 policies \u2013 and are they still common in America\u2019s schools? - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/just-what-are-zero-tolerance-policies-and-are-they-still-common-in-americas-schools\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Just what are \u2018zero tolerance\u2019 policies \u2013 and are they still common in America\u2019s schools? - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"When parents and educators discuss school discipline, one of the things that comes up most are \u201czero tolerance\u201d policies. 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