{"id":45271,"date":"2018-09-13T12:30:39","date_gmt":"2018-09-13T19:30:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/world.edu\/?p=45271"},"modified":"2018-09-13T12:30:39","modified_gmt":"2018-09-13T19:30:39","slug":"lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\/","title":{"rendered":"Lessons from White House disinformation a century ago: \u2018It\u2019s dangerous to believe your own propaganda"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"One hundred years ago, the U.S. government published\u00a0documents<\/a>\u00a0that fueled the mounting Red Scare, helped justify the American military invasion of Russia and poisoned American-Russian relations for years to come.<\/p>\n

Newspapers across the United States began to publish the\u00a0fake papers<\/a>\u00a0on Sept. 15, 1918.<\/p>\n

Unbeknownst to the government, the documents were forgeries. They were created by Russian political interests whose party affiliation remains obscure, but whose objectives were clear. The documents were part of a Russian disinformation campaign \u2013 a common propaganda tactic during World War I \u2013 to discredit the Bolsheviks, who had just seized power in Russia after leading a Marxist revolution.<\/p>\n

The publication of the documents was a classic case of the American government accepting bogus information because it confirmed its preconceptions and justified actions it wished to take.<\/p>\n

We are scholars who work at the intersection of media and politics. We believe the incident illustrates the base power of disinformation lies not in technology, which many blame for the rise of counterfeit information today, but in weakness in human nature. The desire to confirm their beliefs about the Bolsheviks led top U.S. leaders to ignore credible and persistent warnings of the documents\u2019 inaccuracy and aggressively assert government authority to discredit those few who questioned them.<\/p>\n

The Sisson documents<\/strong><\/h4>\n

By 1918, World War I had raged on for nearly four years, and the Russians, who fought on the side of the U.S. and others against Germany, had experienced two recent revolutions.<\/p>\n

The first revolution ousted the Czarist regime. The second, led by Bolshevik leaders Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky, ousted the provisional government.<\/p>\n

Despite the chaos, the U.S. and Allies desperately needed Russia to continue fighting. But the Bolsheviks were intent on taking an exhausted Russian military out of the war and promised to begin peace talks with Germany once in power.<\/p>\n

The Committee on Public Information<\/a>, which operated as an American propaganda ministry during the war, sent Edgar Sisson, a former muckraking journalist, to Petrograd in November 1917, before the Bolsheviks seized power. He was to use publicity tools, which included press releases, films and speeches, to urge Russians to remain in the war.<\/p>\n

By the time he arrived, the Bolsheviks were in power. A month later, they began peace negotiations with Germany.<\/p>\n

\"\"

President Woodrow Wilson wanted to build a case against the Bolsheviks. Library of Congress<\/p><\/div>\n

The peace talks played into widespread rumors in Russia and elsewhere that Lenin and Trotsky were paid German agents. Before its ouster, the Russian provisional government tried to use the rumors to discredit the Bolsheviks and hasten their demise. But the rumors had never been proven.<\/p>\n

This all seemed to change, however, in February 1918.<\/p>\n

Raymond Robins, head of the American Red Cross Commission in Russia, gave Sisson confidential documents that implied Germans financed and directed the Bolsheviks. Sisson deemed the documents valid despite Robins\u2019 doubts.<\/p>\n

President Woodrow Wilson and the State Department encouraged Sisson to collect evidence that Lenin and his comrades were German pawns, which would support the administration\u2019s anti-Bolshevik policies.<\/p>\n

By the time he left Russia in March, Sisson had collected\u00a068 documents<\/a>, mostly with the help of a shadowy figure, Evgeni Petrovich Semenov. Semenov, a former secret service agent in the provisional government, told Sisson he lifted the papers from Bolshevik headquarters.<\/p>\n

Documents make news in the US<\/strong><\/h4>\n

American press coverage<\/a>\u00a0of Sisson\u2019s story was sensational. Most stories appeared on the front page and were published in installments during the week. They accepted the government view of Bolshevik treachery.<\/p>\n

The government\u2019s timing of the release was politically strategic. Wilson had by this time agreed to an Allied military intervention in Russia for the purpose of protecting stockpiles of Allied war material and ensuring the safe travel of anti-German forces through Siberia to the Eastern Front.<\/p>\n

In August and September,\u00a0U.S. troops were arriving in Russia<\/a>. This move constituted a threat to the Bolshevik government and violated Wilson\u2019s promise of self-determination.<\/p>\n

But the fake documents legitimized intervention by suggesting that the Bolshevik stooges were not representative of the Russian people.<\/p>\n

\"\"

The New York Times, Sept. 15, 1918. New York Times archive<\/p><\/div>\n

Compliant journalists<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The documents presented a problem that often arises in national security reporting.<\/p>\n

With little time or expertise to properly determine an account\u2019s authenticity, journalists often rely solely on the government\u2019s word. When a majority of the public is mentally prepared to accept the government\u2019s account because it conforms to their preconceptions, the government can easily beat back doubts by calling doubters disloyal and un-American.<\/p>\n

In a\u00a0reasoned analysis<\/a>\u00a0of the documents published in a pamphlet by the Liberator, left-wing journalist John Reed showed they were probably forgeries and said they falsely justified military intervention in Russia.<\/p>\n

George Creel, the head of the Committee on Public Information, sought to discredit Reed by labeling him the\u00a0\u201ccenter of the Bolsheviki movement in this country<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Mostly, though, Creel evoked government authority as the chief basis for accepting the validity of the documents when they were questioned. This was the case with the\u00a0lone establishment newspaper<\/a>\u00a0that challenged the authenticity of the documents, the New York Evening Post.<\/p>\n

In letters found at the\u00a0National Archives<\/a>, Creel said the Post gave \u201caid and comfort to the enemies of the United States.\u201d He expressed surprise that the New York Evening Post refused to accept evidence put forth by the government. And he told the paper\u2019s owner that his editor had acted as an advocate of Lenin and Trotsky. He said the paper behaved as if it, too, had taken German money.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Edgar Sisson of the Committee on Public Information. Wikipedia<\/p><\/div>\n

The New York Evening Post, he complained bitterly, was demanding \u201cthe Government should take the witness stand.\u201d<\/p>\n

The credulous acceptance of the documents by\u00a0the press<\/a>\u00a0can be traced to the effectiveness of extensive wartime propaganda by the\u00a0Committee on Public Information<\/a>, which we have been studying for the past several years. One of the committee\u2019s chief propaganda messages was widespread German spying and treachery in the United States and abroad.<\/p>\n

It was an easy step, when nudged by the government, to believe the Germans enlisted godless Bolsheviks in their cause.<\/p>\n

As the\u00a0Literary Digest<\/a>\u00a0magazine observed, editors found \u201cgreat satisfaction in adding legal proof to their moral certainty, and when the Government guarantees the authenticity of the documents proving that Lenin and Trotzky are German agents, it gives them an opportunity to speak their minds without hesitation and without reserve.\u201d<\/p>\n

Congress, too, was willing to endorse this view. The Democratic majority in the Senate used a\u00a0special subcommittee<\/a>\u00a0to emphasize Bolshevik-German ties. They found witnesses who testified the Bolsheviki movement was a branch of the German government.<\/p>\n

Power in plausibility<\/strong><\/h4>\n

George Kennan<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0other historians<\/a>\u00a0have concluded the Sisson documents are \u201cunquestionable forgeries,\u201d but this does not mean they were devoid of truth.<\/p>\n

As with all effective disinformation, their power lay in their plausibility. The documents\u2019 authors enhanced their forgeries with facts.\u00a0Germans did help the Bolsheviks<\/a>, funneling millions of Deutsche marks to them during the war.<\/p>\n

But, as\u00a0one diplomat<\/a>\u00a0noted, the Bolsheviks would have accepted money from anyone. More important, the Bolsheviks sought to foment a communist revolution in Germany as soon as they could.<\/p>\n

For those who spread disinformation, then, it is often not a matter of being tricked into believing the information they have spread. Creel, Sisson and others recklessly ignored warnings the documents were false. They wanted to believe the conspiracy, so they did.<\/p>\n

Today, we call this\u00a0confirmation bias<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The United States\u2019 path to war with Iraq in 2003 eerily recalled that element of the Sisson documents. To make the case for an invasion, the George W. Bush administration relied heavily on\u00a0Ahmadi Chalabi<\/a>, an exiled Iraqi politician, and fellow Iraqi dissidents who wanted Saddam Hussein ousted.<\/p>\n

Chalabi lined up a parade of Iraq defectors to provide compelling \u2013 and inaccurate \u2013 stories of Hussein\u2019s terrorist connections and his stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. In addition to selling the invasion to the public, the campaign solidified the administration\u2019s conviction that it was right to do what it wanted to do.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s dangerous,\u201d Chalabi was known to say from time to time, \u201cif you believe your own propaganda.\u201d<\/p>\n

Author Bios:<\/strong> John Maxwell Hamilton is Global Scholar at Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC and Hopkins P Breazeale Professor, Manship School of Mass Communications and Meghan Menard McCune is a Ph.D. candidate, Manship School of Mass Communication both at Louisiana State University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

One hundred years ago, the U.S. government published\u00a0documents\u00a0that fueled the mounting Red Scare, helped justify the American military invasion of Russia and poisoned American-Russian relations for years to come. Newspapers across the United States began to publish the\u00a0fake papers\u00a0on Sept. 15, 1918. Unbeknownst to the government, the documents were forgeries. They were created by Russian […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":45273,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[224413],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-45271","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business-politics","tag-disinformation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLessons from White House disinformation a century ago: \u2018It\u2019s dangerous to believe your own propaganda - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lessons from White House disinformation a century ago: \u2018It\u2019s dangerous to believe your own propaganda - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"One hundred years ago, the U.S. government published\u00a0documents\u00a0that fueled the mounting Red Scare, helped justify the American military invasion of Russia and poisoned American-Russian relations for years to come. Newspapers across the United States began to publish the\u00a0fake papers\u00a0on Sept. 15, 1918. Unbeknownst to the government, the documents were forgeries. They were created by Russian […]\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-09-13T19:30:39+00:00\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/wwilson.jpg\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"237\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"295\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Kevin\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kevin\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Kevin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/42c1c1d5ff7ffbdf0bd50ed94c6ae6ee\"},\"headline\":\"Lessons from White House disinformation a century ago: \u2018It\u2019s dangerous to believe your own propaganda\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-09-13T19:30:39+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1455,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/09\\\/wwilson.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"disinformation\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Business and Politics\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\\\/\",\"name\":\"Lessons from White House disinformation a century ago: \u2018It\u2019s dangerous to believe your own propaganda - World leading higher education information and services\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/09\\\/wwilson.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-09-13T19:30:39+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/42c1c1d5ff7ffbdf0bd50ed94c6ae6ee\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/09\\\/wwilson.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/09\\\/wwilson.jpg\",\"width\":237,\"height\":295,\"caption\":\"President Woodrow Wilson wanted to build a case against the Bolsheviks. Library of Congress\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Lessons from White House disinformation a century ago: \u2018It\u2019s dangerous to believe your own propaganda\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/\",\"name\":\"World leading higher education information and services\",\"description\":\"Global Higher Education Jobs, University jobs, Lecturer & tenure jobs.\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/42c1c1d5ff7ffbdf0bd50ed94c6ae6ee\",\"name\":\"Kevin\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1e8d491a5f9b9bf3db67c9e46abbba7bb06b26b458bd5025c55e0a4b9b60ea8a?s=96&d=mm&r=g8ba4c352a279c450aa9435d770c1ebf4\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1e8d491a5f9b9bf3db67c9e46abbba7bb06b26b458bd5025c55e0a4b9b60ea8a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/1e8d491a5f9b9bf3db67c9e46abbba7bb06b26b458bd5025c55e0a4b9b60ea8a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Kevin\"},\"description\":\"Kevin is founder of the world.edu project. The past 28 years have been involved in publishing to the education sector in print and the internet. Kevin has a degree in Education and has a many years experience in developing companies and projects.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/author\\\/kevin\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Lessons from White House disinformation a century ago: \u2018It\u2019s dangerous to believe your own propaganda - World leading higher education information and services","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Lessons from White House disinformation a century ago: \u2018It\u2019s dangerous to believe your own propaganda - World leading higher education information and services","og_description":"One hundred years ago, the U.S. government published\u00a0documents\u00a0that fueled the mounting Red Scare, helped justify the American military invasion of Russia and poisoned American-Russian relations for years to come. Newspapers across the United States began to publish the\u00a0fake papers\u00a0on Sept. 15, 1918. Unbeknownst to the government, the documents were forgeries. They were created by Russian […]","og_url":"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\/","og_site_name":"World leading higher education information and services","article_published_time":"2018-09-13T19:30:39+00:00","og_image":[{"width":237,"height":295,"url":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/wwilson.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Kevin","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Kevin","Est. reading time":"7 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\/"},"author":{"name":"Kevin","@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/#\/schema\/person\/42c1c1d5ff7ffbdf0bd50ed94c6ae6ee"},"headline":"Lessons from White House disinformation a century ago: \u2018It\u2019s dangerous to believe your own propaganda","datePublished":"2018-09-13T19:30:39+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\/"},"wordCount":1455,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/wwilson.jpg","keywords":["disinformation"],"articleSection":["Business and Politics"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\/","url":"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\/","name":"Lessons from White House disinformation a century ago: \u2018It\u2019s dangerous to believe your own propaganda - World leading higher education information and services","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/wwilson.jpg","datePublished":"2018-09-13T19:30:39+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/#\/schema\/person\/42c1c1d5ff7ffbdf0bd50ed94c6ae6ee"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/wwilson.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/wwilson.jpg","width":237,"height":295,"caption":"President Woodrow Wilson wanted to build a case against the Bolsheviks. Library of Congress"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/lessons-from-white-house-disinformation-a-century-ago-its-dangerous-to-believe-your-own-propaganda\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/world.edu\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Lessons from White House disinformation a century ago: \u2018It\u2019s dangerous to believe your own propaganda"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/#website","url":"https:\/\/world.edu\/","name":"World leading higher education information and services","description":"Global Higher Education Jobs, University jobs, Lecturer & tenure jobs.","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/world.edu\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/world.edu\/#\/schema\/person\/42c1c1d5ff7ffbdf0bd50ed94c6ae6ee","name":"Kevin","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1e8d491a5f9b9bf3db67c9e46abbba7bb06b26b458bd5025c55e0a4b9b60ea8a?s=96&d=mm&r=g8ba4c352a279c450aa9435d770c1ebf4","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1e8d491a5f9b9bf3db67c9e46abbba7bb06b26b458bd5025c55e0a4b9b60ea8a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1e8d491a5f9b9bf3db67c9e46abbba7bb06b26b458bd5025c55e0a4b9b60ea8a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Kevin"},"description":"Kevin is founder of the world.edu project. The past 28 years have been involved in publishing to the education sector in print and the internet. Kevin has a degree in Education and has a many years experience in developing companies and projects.","sameAs":["https:\/\/world.edu"],"url":"https:\/\/world.edu\/author\/kevin\/"}]}},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/45271","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/33"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=45271"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/45271\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/45273"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=45271"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=45271"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=45271"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=45271"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}