{"id":44833,"date":"2018-08-09T04:13:57","date_gmt":"2018-08-09T11:13:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/world.edu\/?p=44833"},"modified":"2018-08-09T04:13:57","modified_gmt":"2018-08-09T11:13:57","slug":"for-universities-making-the-case-for-diversity-is-part-of-making-amends-for-racist-past","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/for-universities-making-the-case-for-diversity-is-part-of-making-amends-for-racist-past\/","title":{"rendered":"For universities, making the case for diversity is part of making amends for racist past"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"
\nThe Trump administration recently announced plans to\u00a0scrap Obama-era guidelines<\/a>\u00a0that encouraged universities to consider race as a factor to promote diversity on campus, claiming the guidelines \u201cadvocate policy preferences and positions beyond the requirements of the Constitution<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Some university leaders immediately went on the defense.<\/p>\n

Harvard University stated that it\u00a0plans to continue to use race<\/a>\u00a0as an admission factor to \u201ccreate a diverse campus community where students from all walks of life have an opportunity to learn from and with each other.\u201d<\/p>\n

Similarly, Gregory L. Fenves, president of the University of Texas at Austin, noted how the U.S. Supreme Court in 2016\u00a0\u201caffirmed the University of Texas\u2019 efforts to enroll a diverse student body<\/a>.\u201d He also stated that\u00a0\u201cdiversity is essential\u201d<\/a>\u00a0to the university\u2019s efforts to provide the highest quality education.<\/p>\n

But, why is diversity essential for the educational mission of U.S. universities?<\/p>\n

Advocates for diversity in higher education emphasize a variety of reasons. They range from business oriented considerations, like the need for a\u00a0diverse and well-educated workforce<\/a>\u00a0to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse marketplace or the belief that diversity fosters innovation and creativity. Another reason is based on the idea that diversity enriches the educational experience of all students on campus, not just minorities.<\/p>\n

In addition to the reasons above, we believe that diversity is also an ethical obligation of American universities. We write not only as professors but as\u00a0higher education administrators<\/a>\u00a0with a\u00a0keen interest in diversity on campus<\/a>. We believe that promoting diversity in our campuses helps fulfill the inclusive vision that gave birth to our nation. This vision became enshrined in the Declaration of Independence when it proclaimed that \u201call men are created equal.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sadly, the \u201call men are created equal\u201d proclamation was not a guiding principle for our universities not so long ago. Quite the contrary, they fostered ideas that promoted racial disparagement and exclusion, causing great harm to the country in ways that we must still deal with today. For instance,\u00a0black students were not admitted<\/a>\u00a0to the University of Texas and many other universities until the 1950s, and lack of black representation among students and faculty remains an issue. The pursuit of diversity now can help universities make amends for aggressive anti-diversity practices of the recent past.<\/p>\n

Universities and eugenics<\/strong><\/h4>\n

At the beginning of the 20th century, many administrators, alumni and faculty members from American universities were at the forefront of the eugenics movement, a\u00a0pseudoscience<\/a>\u00a0that sought to improve the genetic qualities of human populations by selective breeding. The movement was led by presidents of elite private institutions like\u00a0Harvard<\/a>,\u00a0Yale<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Stanford<\/a>, and also at public universities like\u00a0Michigan<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Wisconsin<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Eugenicists championed ideas of racial superiority. For them, the Nordic \u201crace\u201d \u2013 that is, people from Northern Europe, like Anglo-Americans \u2013 was the master race. Accordingly, they regarded Africans, Asians and even Southern and Eastern Europeans as inferior. They believed the immigration of these groups to the U.S.\u00a0should be curtailed<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Nordic race will vanish or lose its dominance,\u201d renowned Yale professor and economist Irving Fisher\u00a0warned in 1921<\/a>. Eugenicists were anti-diversity. They considered immigration and racial mixing a threat. They spoke of the \u201cyellow peril,\u201d the \u201cflooding of the nation with foreign scum\u201d and the arrival of \u201cdefectives, delinquents and dependents.\u201d These views are not unlike President Trump\u2019s recent complaints about Mexico sending\u00a0\u201crapists\u201d and \u201ccriminals,\u201d<\/a>\u00a0or about\u00a0admitting people into the U.S. from \u201cshithole countries.\u201d<\/a><\/p>\n

Beyond teaching eugenics on campus \u2013 376 American colleges were\u00a0offering courses on the subject<\/a>\u00a0by the late 1920s \u2013\u00a0these academic leaders and their followers\u00a0worked hard<\/a>\u00a0to take eugenics ideas mainstream \u2013 and did so\u00a0\u201cwith considerable effect,\u201d<\/a>\u00a0according to Harvard Magazine.<\/p>\n

The eugenecists\u2019 ideas may not have predated the racial prejudices and segregationist practices that existed in the United States, but they provided academic validity to help sustain those prejudices and practices.<\/p>\n

In 1896 the U.S. Supreme Court had paved the way for segregation when it ruled in\u00a0Plessy v. Ferguson<\/a>\u00a0that keeping races \u201cseparate but equal\u201d was constitutional. Then in the 1920s, at the height of the racial caste system known as\u00a0\u201cJim Crow,\u201d<\/a>\u00a0the U.S. government embraced new policies promoted by eugenicists.<\/p>\n

Those policies included new anti-miscegenation laws that\u00a0criminalized<\/a>\u00a0interracial marriage<\/a>. They also included forced sterilization programs. These programs affected all racial groups but especially targeted women, minorities and the poor. Eugenicists advocated effectively for forced sterilization in\u00a0court cases<\/a>\u00a0that remained the law of the land for decades.<\/p>\n

The eugenics movement also actively advocated in Congress for policies to prevent immigration by \u201cundesirable\u201d racial and ethnic groups. And the movement succeeded. With the\u00a0Immigration Act of 1924<\/a>, Congress implemented quotas that favored immigration from Northern Europe and drastically reduced arrivals of Eastern European, Jews, Italians and Africans. It completely stopped immigration from Asia.<\/p>\n

These policies were developed to reverse fears of what President Theodore Roosevelt called\u00a0\u201crace suicide\u201d<\/a>\u00a0or the dwindling of the Anglo-American\u00a0\u201cstock<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Reversing a racist past<\/strong><\/h4>\n

New York lawyer Madison Grant, a graduate of Yale and Columbia, was a prominent eugenicist and friend of President Theodore Roosevelt. In 1916 he published \u201cThe Passing of the Great Race<\/a>,\u201d widely considered the most influential eugenics book. Grant attempts to\u00a0use science to justify racism<\/a>. The book was translated to German and after he became F\u00fcrher, Adolf Hitler wrote a fan letter to Grant thanking him and praising the book as\u00a0\u201chis Bible.\u201d<\/a><\/p>\n

It was only after the Holocaust that the U.S., rather slowly,\u00a0abandoned<\/a>\u00a0its own eugenicist policies. Interracial marriage was still forbidden in 16 states when it was\u00a0declared unconstitutional in 1967<\/a>. Coerced or involuntary sterilizations continued to happen\u00a0into the 1970s.<\/a><\/p>\n

The fact that thinkers from prestigious American universities provided the intellectual foundations for Hitler\u2019s racial cleansing policies is scarcely mentioned in our country. We believe it is time for universities to undertake a discussion about this disturbing chapter of their history \u2013 a time when their own community\u00a0led the development of white supremacist ideologies<\/a>.<\/p>\n

It is also timely to reflect on the extraordinary impact universities can have in our nation and the world. A century after the misguided eugenics movement took a hold of higher education in the U.S., most universities now actively work to be inclusive and diverse. They must embrace their renewed values and help lead our nation toward a more just and equitable future.<\/p>\n

Author Bios: <\/strong>Juan Mir\u00f3 is an Associate Dean for Undergraduate Programs, David Bruton, Jr. Centennial Professor in Urban Studies, School of Architecture and Edmund T Gordon is the Vice Provost for Diversity both at the University of Texas at Austin<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Trump administration recently announced plans to\u00a0scrap Obama-era guidelines\u00a0that encouraged universities to consider race as a factor to promote diversity on campus, claiming the guidelines \u201cadvocate policy preferences and positions beyond the requirements of the Constitution.\u201d Some university leaders immediately went on the defense. Harvard University stated that it\u00a0plans to continue to use race\u00a0as an […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":44834,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[224368],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-44833","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-higher-education","tag-diverse-student-body"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFor universities, making the case for diversity is part of making amends for racist past - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/for-universities-making-the-case-for-diversity-is-part-of-making-amends-for-racist-past\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"For universities, making the case for diversity is part of making amends for racist past - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Trump administration recently announced plans to\u00a0scrap Obama-era guidelines\u00a0that encouraged universities to consider race as a factor to promote diversity on campus, claiming the guidelines \u201cadvocate policy preferences and positions beyond the requirements of the Constitution.\u201d Some university leaders immediately went on the defense. 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