{"id":43409,"date":"2018-04-25T16:55:24","date_gmt":"2018-04-25T23:55:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/world.edu\/?p=43409"},"modified":"2018-04-25T16:55:24","modified_gmt":"2018-04-25T23:55:24","slug":"kids-of-color-get-kicked-out-of-school-at-higher-rates-heres-how-to-stop-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/kids-of-color-get-kicked-out-of-school-at-higher-rates-heres-how-to-stop-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Kids of color get kicked out of school at higher rates \u2013 here\u2019s how to stop it"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"
\nWhen two black men were\u00a0arrested<\/a>\u00a0at a Philadelphia Starbucks where they had been waiting for a business meeting on April 12, the incident called renewed attention to the bias that racial minorities face in American society.<\/p>\n

A few days later, a similar incident unfolded at an\u00a0LA Fitness<\/a>\u00a0in New Jersey.<\/p>\n

While these two incidents involved adults at places of business, the reality is black children face similar treatment in America\u2019s schools.<\/p>\n

The latest evidence is in a recent\u00a0federal report<\/a>\u00a0that shows boys, black students and students with disabilities get kicked out of school at higher rates than their peers.<\/p>\n

Findings like this are disturbing, but they are hardly surprising. As a trainer of\u00a0school psychologists<\/a>, consultant and\u00a0researcher<\/a>, I have\u00a0worked with schools<\/a>\u00a0on the matter of racial disparities in school discipline, along with\u00a0other problems of justice<\/a>.<\/p>\n

I believe racial disparities in school discipline will persist until educators seriously examine the role their decisions play in the matter. They will also persist until schools begin to implement new strategies that have proven it\u2019s not necessary to kick kids out of school to effectively deal with their behavior.<\/p>\n

The source of disparities<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Racial disparities in school discipline are nothing\u00a0new<\/a>. In 2014 \u2013 after years of\u00a0\u201czero tolerance\u201d<\/a>\u00a0policies proved\u00a0problematic<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 the Obama administration issued a\u00a0guidance<\/a>\u00a0to remind schools of their obligation to teach all children and not to suspend or expel them unfairly.<\/p>\n

Yet, the new federal data show that for virtually every school in the country for the 2013-14 school year, racial disparities were present irrespective of the type of disciplinary action, level of school poverty, or type of school attended. The bottom line is that some sort of bias is at play.<\/p>\n

In research on the subject, this bias is known as implicit bias. This is defined as automatic, unconscious associations and stereotypes about groups of people that affect our understanding, actions and decisions. This topic has been\u00a0studied extensively<\/a>\u00a0and popularized by a collaborative research project housed at\u00a0Harvard University.<\/a><\/p>\n

How real is implicit bias? In a series of four experimental studies, the fourth study, using state-of-the-art\u00a0eye-tracking methodology<\/a>, demonstrated that \u2013 when asked to judge who was telling the truth \u2013 whites gazed more quickly at the \u201clie\u201d response for blacks, which suggests a spontaneous mistrust of blacks. This is consistent with what\u00a0other researchers have found<\/a>. Interestingly, Starbucks CEO Kevin Johnson\u00a0mentioned implicit bias as one of the issues<\/a>\u00a0potentially at play in the Starbucks incident.<\/p>\n

One study on\u00a0implicit bias in schools<\/a>\u00a0concluded that teachers and staff\u00a0viewed black girls\u2019 behavior differently<\/a>. The same study found that black girls were three times more likely to receive office referrals for discipline compared to white girls for subjective discipline violations. A different study found that black students were disciplined for\u00a0subjective interpretations<\/a>\u00a0of behaviors, such as \u201cdisobedience\u201d and \u201cdisruptive behavior.\u201d<\/p>\n

An experimental study conducted at Yale found that preschool teachers\u00a0gazed at black boys longer compared to other children<\/a>\u00a0when asked to look for challenging behavior on video clips.<\/p>\n

This tendency to view black children with more suspicion harms the relationships between teachers and black students.<\/p>\n

In issuing the\u00a0new report<\/a>, the U.S. Government Accountability Office, or GAO, lists several areas to target racial disparities in school discipline. In my experience working with schools, I believe the GAO\u2019s recommendations are correct, but will only work under certain conditions.<\/p>\n

In search of alternatives<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The first recommendation is to implement alternative forms of discipline that focus on proactive and preventative\u00a0strategies for the whole school<\/a>\u00a0rather than reactive punishment. In my work with schools implementing such approaches, the biggest\u00a0problem<\/a>\u00a0is the degree to which teachers and staff may not have buy-in on the strategies to implement them properly.<\/p>\n

For example, some teachers and staff with one particular initiative became frustrated with certain challenging students and rarely gave praise or \u201cbehavior bucks,\u201d which could be traded in for privileges and stickers. And when teachers did distribute the \u201cbehavior bucks,\u201d they were sarcastic about it and often belittled students rather than being encouraging. In essence, teachers turned a positive strategy into a harmful one.<\/p>\n

Due to the potential lack of buy-in from teachers, it is important to use strategies that enable a more collaborative approach to deciding the consequences.<\/p>\n

This is the strength of\u00a0the restorative justice approach<\/a>. Restorative justice is built upon a foundation of empowering students to collaboratively have their voices heard, take responsibility for one\u2019s actions, and make hurt relationships right again through community dialogue.<\/p>\n

For example, restorative justice approaches will gather students and adults together in a circle to discuss the infraction by focusing on who was harmed and what the community can do to make the hurt relationship right again, which is often a plan of amends. These circle discussions with various adults and students allow for all parties to understand one another\u2019s perspective and produce empathy for students, teachers and classmates. In my view, collaborative decision-making is the key to reducing biases.<\/p>\n

Restorative justice<\/a>\u00a0has been\u00a0shown<\/a>\u00a0to reduce racial disparities in discipline directly, which perhaps explains why other programs are\u00a0integrating<\/a>\u00a0restorative justice strategies into their programs.<\/p>\n

Second, there need to be new laws and policies to discourage punitive, exclusionary disciplinary practices in schools and to encourage alternative approaches to school discipline.<\/p>\n

For example,\u00a0California<\/a>\u00a0prohibits the use of suspensions and expulsions for children in grades K-3 for willful defiance. Other states and school districts, such as\u00a0Illinois<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Seattle<\/a>, have done so as well.<\/p>\n

Finally, it would be helpful if America\u2019s schools had more school psychologists on hand. Unfortunately, the nation\u2019s schools suffer from a\u00a0shortage of school psychologists<\/a>\u00a0at a time when they are needed most to help address complex issues of racial disparities in school discipline.<\/p>\n

Author Bio: <\/strong>Samuel Song is an Associate Professor of School Psychology at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

When two black men were\u00a0arrested\u00a0at a Philadelphia Starbucks where they had been waiting for a business meeting on April 12, the incident called renewed attention to the bias that racial minorities face in American society. A few days later, a similar incident unfolded at an\u00a0LA Fitness\u00a0in New Jersey. While these two incidents involved adults at […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":43410,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15645],"tags":[185145],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-43409","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education","tag-racial-minorities"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nKids of color get kicked out of school at higher rates \u2013 here\u2019s how to stop it - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/kids-of-color-get-kicked-out-of-school-at-higher-rates-heres-how-to-stop-it\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kids of color get kicked out of school at higher rates \u2013 here\u2019s how to stop it - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"When two black men were\u00a0arrested\u00a0at a Philadelphia Starbucks where they had been waiting for a business meeting on April 12, the incident called renewed attention to the bias that racial minorities face in American society. 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