{"id":42519,"date":"2018-02-19T09:16:11","date_gmt":"2018-02-19T17:16:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/world.edu\/?p=42519"},"modified":"2018-02-19T09:16:11","modified_gmt":"2018-02-19T17:16:11","slug":"five-ways-india-must-help-farmers-face-threat-climate-change","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/five-ways-india-must-help-farmers-face-threat-climate-change\/","title":{"rendered":"Five ways India must help its farmers face the threat of climate change"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"
\nClimate change could hurt farmers\u2019 income by up to 20-25% in the medium term, according to the Indian government\u2019s\u00a0latest annual economic survey<\/a>. Extreme weather events, temperature rise and lower rainfall all threaten to derail the Indian government\u2019s agenda of doubling farmers\u2019 income across the country.<\/p>\n

There are ways to counter this, however. New technology and better farm management can be deployed to improve irrigration systems. And, to ensure long-term impact, it is also important that the Indian government invests in agricultural research.<\/p>\n

Agriculture is\u00a0central to the Indian economy<\/a>. It accounts for 50% of the country\u2019s employment and 18% of its GDP. And in India, about 80% of farmers are smallholders \u2013 which is generally considered to mean they have two hectares or less of land. The main crops are wheat, maize, rice, millets, pulses, sugarcane and oil-seeds.<\/p>\n

Indian farmers must contend with a number of risks, including adverse weather, competition from larger landowners or food corporations and price surges. Small farmers are a vulnerable population where social, market and economic pressures are huge, often leading to considerable distress. India is home to\u00a0nearly 25% of the world\u2019s hungry population<\/a>and has an\u00a0alarming rate of farmer suicide<\/a>\u00a0(around 60,000 cases in the past three decades).<\/p>\n

So the effects of fluctuations in weather, temperature and rainfall on agricultural productivity will have a significant impact on the wider population.<\/p>\n

Climate change<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Extensive meteorological data in the recent government report shows that average temperatures are rising across the country and annual rainfall is declining. It also shows a rise in the number of days with extremely high temperatures and a corresponding decline in the number of days with low temperatures.<\/p>\n

Extreme temperature shocks, when a district is significantly hotter than usual, results in a 4.7% decline in agricultural yields. Similarly, when it rains significantly less than usual there is a 12.8% decline.
\n

\"\"

Things are heating up in India. Bread for the World<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Areas lacking in irrigation are worst affected by these extreme weather conditions. A temperature shock in an area that is not irrigated reduces yields by 7.6%. Similarly, the effects of extreme rainfall shocks are 14.7% higher in areas without irrigation \u2013 much larger than the effects these shocks have in irrigated districts.<\/p>\n

Lower yields mean lower incomes for farmers. The report estimated that extreme temperature shocks will reduce farmers\u2019 incomes by 4.3% and extreme rainfall shocks will reduce incomes by 13.7%. In a year where temperatures are 1\u2103 higher, farmers\u2019 incomes would fall by 6.2% in unirrigated districts. Similarly, in a year when rainfall levels were 100mm less than average, farmers\u2019 incomes would fall by 15%.<\/p>\n

Temperatures in India are likely to rise by 3 to 4\u2103\u00a0by the end of the 21st century<\/a>. It follows that in the absence of any adaptation by farmers, farm incomes will be lower by 20 to 25% on average in the coming years, especially in the unirrigated areas.<\/p>\n

There are five important ways to mitigate against this that the Indian government could start investing in now.<\/p>\n

1. Smart irrigation<\/strong><\/h4>\n

There is a significant need for an appropriate irrigation system considering rising water scarcity and depleting groundwater resources. Less than 50% of agriculture\u00a0in India is irrigated<\/a>.<\/p>\n

States such as Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand are still extremely vulnerable to climate change due to poor irrigation. Smart irrigation systems such as drip, sprinklers and efficient water management should be made a priority and allocated across the country where needed.<\/p>\n

2. Reduce post-harvest loss<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Post-harvest loss of major agricultural produce is\u00a0estimated at US$13 billion <\/a>. About 16% of fruits and vegetables, valued at US$6 billion were lost in the year 2015. Only 2.2% of fruits and vegetables, the most perishable of agricultural produces, are sorted and packed for consumption in India, increasing the chances of wastage as it gets sent abroad. In contrast, the US (65%) and China (23%) are far ahead of India in processing their own crops.<\/p>\n

Small landholders lose out the most from this. It is not economically viable for most of them to transport their produce for centralised large-scale processing \u2013 and they lack local processing and preservation technologies. This results in a lot of wastage. This is then compounded by\u00a0inadequate transport infrastructure<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 produce gets damaged on the journey because of bad roads, gets contaminated from repeated loading and unloaded, as well as lack of refrigeration.<\/p>\n

Small farms also suffer from their reliance on middlemen to sell their product. As a result, they are sometimes compelled to sell it at less than the cost of producing it.
\n

\"\"

Post-harvest processing needs improvement. Asian Development Bank<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

So there is an overwhelming need to develop technologies for local processing, smart packaging and transport facilities which do not disadvantage small farmers.<\/p>\n

3. Data driven supply-chain management<\/h2>\n

India must start using data to continuously improve the\u00a0efficiency of its agricultural supply chains<\/a>. New technologies such as sensors, GPS and satellite imaging can help collect meaningful data to make India\u2019s agriculture system more resilient.<\/p>\n

This enables different sections of the supply chain to monitor environmental and other conditions. It can be used to adapt how crops are produced, stored and distributed to reduce waste.<\/p>\n

4. Farmer-centric crop insurance<\/h4>\n

To compensate for the uncertainty caused by climate change, an effective crop insurance programme is required to protect farmers from bad yields. Many already pay into insurance programmes but they provide little protection. The system\u00a0needs overhauling<\/a>\u00a0so that small farmers are protected by low premium and long-term insurance cover, instead of being designed, as it seems to be at the moment, purely for the profit of insurance companies.<\/p>\n

5. Evidence based research<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Agricultural research will be vital in increasing yields but also in increasing resilience to all the problems that could come with climate change \u2013 including extreme heat and precipitation, pests and crop disease. Research will be especially important for crops\u00a0such as pulses and soybean<\/a>, which are crucial crops and highly vulnerable to weather and climate change.<\/p>\n

These measures will improve crop and water management practices. They are tailored to small farmers and to the fragmented, small-scale agricultural landscape \u2013 to directly improve efficiency, boost productivity and minimise the environmental impact on farming.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> Manoj Dor is a Senior Lecturer in Operations & Supply Chain Management at Brunel University London<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Climate change could hurt farmers\u2019 income by up to 20-25% in the medium term, according to the Indian government\u2019s\u00a0latest annual economic survey. Extreme weather events, temperature rise and lower rainfall all threaten to derail the Indian government\u2019s agenda of doubling farmers\u2019 income across the country. There are ways to counter this, however. New technology and […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":42520,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[65893],"tags":[185047],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-42519","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sustainability","tag-farm-management"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFive ways India must help its farmers face the threat of climate change - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/five-ways-india-must-help-farmers-face-threat-climate-change\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Five ways India must help its farmers face the threat of climate change - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Climate change could hurt farmers\u2019 income by up to 20-25% in the medium term, according to the Indian government\u2019s\u00a0latest annual economic survey. 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