{"id":41068,"date":"2017-10-26T12:50:31","date_gmt":"2017-10-26T19:50:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/world.edu\/?p=41068"},"modified":"2017-10-26T12:50:31","modified_gmt":"2017-10-26T19:50:31","slug":"university-must-site-next-reformation-heres","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/university-must-site-next-reformation-heres\/","title":{"rendered":"The university must be the site of the next Reformation \u2013 here\u2019s why"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/oxfordskyline.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"326\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-41069\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/oxfordskyline.jpg 680w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/oxfordskyline-250x120.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><br \/>\nLegend has it that Martin Luther nailed his\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/martin-luther-posts-95-theses\">95 theses<\/a>\u00a0to the church door at Wittenberg Castle on October 31 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation. Regardless of\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.al.com\/living\/index.ssf\/2014\/10\/reformation_day_did_martin_lut.html\">whether the event itself actually happened<\/a>, the target was clear: the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. As we commemorate the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/uk\/topics\/reformation-500-45049\">500th anniversary<\/a>\u00a0of Luther\u2019s protest, there is a comparable institution whose practices might be targeted by a latter-day Luther: the university. But first we need to examine what bothered Luther and his followers back then \u2013 and then ask what might cause a similar bother today.<\/p>\n<p>At the outset, it is worth recalling that Luther was committed to the religion against which he protested. He was Professor of Moral Theology at a university under Roman Catholic authority when he came to the conclusion that the Church\u2019s own institutions had abandoned the spirit that had led him to join it in the first place.<\/p>\n<p>Luther\u2019s protest focused on the practice of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/indulgence\">indulgences<\/a>, which provided a means by which Christians could increase their chances of salvation by confessing their sins and paying some money to a priest. It would be tantamount to cancelling a debt, which was often how sin was portrayed to believers at the time. But Luther believed that this practice corrupted not only the Church to which he had dedicated his life \u2013 but also people\u2019s relationship to God.<\/p>\n<p>The Church was obviously corrupted by indulgences because the money usually did not go to relieve the material conditions of the believers\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/indulgence\">but to improve those of the Church officials<\/a>. The believers themselves were perhaps more insidiously corrupted because they were left with the impression that they could simply buy their way to Heaven.<\/p>\n<p>I would like to suggest that the dispensation of academic credentials performs the same function in 2017 as the dispensation of indulgences did in 1517.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Credentials as corruption<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Credentials are a form of payment and ritual that students are told they must undergo at university in order to be absolved of their ignorance and be permitted to enter a world of lifetime employment \u2013 the proverbial \u201cHeaven on Earth\u201d. I use the word \u201cproverbial\u201d deliberately: it is by no means clear that universities can, or should, promise any such thing.<\/p>\n<p>Credentials come in the form of degree certifications, which students receive once they have paid tuition fees and have submitted themselves to a set of examinations. Traditionally students have also had to attend lectures and seminars, though these have been\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/should-all-university-lectures-be-automatically-recorded-39158\">increasingly made optional<\/a>\u00a0thanks to reliance on information technology. Just as attendance in church came to be seen as optional once believers acquired access to the Bible in their native languages, the same applies to students nowadays who turn to online sources to replicate what might otherwise be of value in live performances.<\/p>\n<p>Here\u2019s a way to assess the value of credentials. Suppose you hire someone with a good degree in physics. Are they capable of constructively contributing to an engineering project, let alone to the solution of a longstanding problem within physics itself? The answer is bound to be mixed because physics degrees are in the first instance what economists call \u201cvirtue signalling\u201d devices. The employer is invited to trust a candidate\u2019s competence because they have somehow managed to pay enough money (perhaps with the help of sponsors) and passed enough tests (presumably\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-to-stop-cheating-in-universities-85407\">by their own efforts<\/a>) to be in a position where a potential employer can take them seriously.<\/p>\n<p>What is missing from this blaze of credentials \u2013 aside from the potential mismatch to the job at hand \u2013 is any sense that the candidate understands either the limits of the applicability of her field\u2019s knowledge or how the very basis of her field\u2019s knowledge might be constructively extended. After all, students are not formally examined on either. Rather, they are tested on \u201cstate of the art\u201d, of the moment knowledge, which, inevitably, changes over time as the field and its examiners change.<\/p>\n<p>Nevertheless, both students and their potential employers are led to believe that academic credentials confer on students that what they have learned at university constitutes knowledge that is more durable than it really is. And all of this is made possible simply because self-certifying \u201cknowledgeable\u201d people \u2013 in other words, academics \u2013 have said so.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Hints of a second Reformation?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>The financial interest of academics in continuing to promote this idea \u2013 from the beleaguered lecturer to the over-remunerated vice chancellor \u2013 should be obvious. Perhaps only slightly less obvious is why students continue to believe it. After all, no sound theory of knowledge, or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-do-you-know-that-what-you-know-is-true-thats-epistemology-63884\">epistemology<\/a>, backs this modus operandi, which reeks of a mindless deference to authority. This is especially apparent in societies where people are presumed to be literate, have been given the right to vote for generations and for the past generation have been given free access to the internet.<\/p>\n<p>To be sure, the tide has begun to turn. One of the world\u2019s leading accountancy firms,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.co.uk\/2016\/01\/07\/ernst-and-young-removes-degree-classification-entry-criteria_n_7932590.html\">Ernst &amp; Young<\/a>, and the UK\u2019s leading right-leaning intellectual magazine, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.spectator.co.uk\/2017\/09\/the-spectators-48-year-old-intern-shows-why-its-time-to-dispense-with-cvs\/\">Spectator<\/a>, have begun to administer their own in-house examinations, which are open to anyone who wishes to apply. More aggressively, the Silicon Valley venture capitalist Peter Thiel launched his \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/thielfellowship.org\/\">Thiel Fellowship<\/a>\u201d in 2011, whereby top-flight high school graduates are lured from elite universities to spend time developing innovations to bring to market. In all these cases, the employer or funder takes full responsibility for certifying candidates, without any formal academic mediation.<\/p>\n<p>So: a new Reformation is slowly happening. But how should universities respond? Luther\u2019s anniversary should remind us that we are living in an increasingly competitive environment for the providers and consumers of knowledge. Universities cannot presume to hold an institutional monopoly over it. This may require academics to engage in a more direct appeal \u2013 both in terms of curricular offerings being justified more explicitly and academics presenting themselves in person and print less formally \u2013 to demonstrate that a university-based education can provide some added value that cannot be provided elsewhere.<\/p>\n<p>In Luther\u2019s day, this was called \u201cevangelism\u201d.<br \/>\n<em><br \/>\n<strong>Author Bio:<\/strong> Steve Fuller is Auguste Comte Chair in Social Epistemology at the University of Warwick<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Legend has it that Martin Luther nailed his\u00a095 theses\u00a0to the church door at Wittenberg Castle on October 31 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation. Regardless of\u00a0whether the event itself actually happened, the target was clear: the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. As we commemorate the\u00a0500th anniversary\u00a0of Luther\u2019s protest, there is a comparable institution whose practices [&hellip;]\n&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/university-must-site-next-reformation-heres\/\" class=\"more\">learn more&rarr;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":41069,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[136946],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-41068","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-social-change","tag-credentials"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The university must be the site of the next Reformation \u2013 here\u2019s why - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/university-must-site-next-reformation-heres\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The university must be the site of the next Reformation \u2013 here\u2019s why - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Legend has it that Martin Luther nailed his\u00a095 theses\u00a0to the church door at Wittenberg Castle on October 31 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation. Regardless of\u00a0whether the event itself actually happened, the target was clear: the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. As we commemorate the\u00a0500th anniversary\u00a0of Luther\u2019s protest, there is a comparable institution whose practices [&hellip;]\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/university-must-site-next-reformation-heres\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-10-26T19:50:31+00:00\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/oxfordskyline.jpg\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"680\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"326\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Kevin\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kevin\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/university-must-site-next-reformation-heres\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/university-must-site-next-reformation-heres\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Kevin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/42c1c1d5ff7ffbdf0bd50ed94c6ae6ee\"},\"headline\":\"The university must be the site of the next Reformation \u2013 here\u2019s why\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-10-26T19:50:31+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/university-must-site-next-reformation-heres\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1031,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/university-must-site-next-reformation-heres\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/10\\\/oxfordskyline.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Credentials\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Social Change\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/university-must-site-next-reformation-heres\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/university-must-site-next-reformation-heres\\\/\",\"name\":\"The university must be the site of the next Reformation \u2013 here\u2019s why - World leading higher education information and services\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/university-must-site-next-reformation-heres\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/university-must-site-next-reformation-heres\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/10\\\/oxfordskyline.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-10-26T19:50:31+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/42c1c1d5ff7ffbdf0bd50ed94c6ae6ee\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/university-must-site-next-reformation-heres\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/university-must-site-next-reformation-heres\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/university-must-site-next-reformation-heres\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/10\\\/oxfordskyline.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/10\\\/oxfordskyline.jpg\",\"width\":680,\"height\":326},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/university-must-site-next-reformation-heres\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"The university must be the site of the next Reformation \u2013 here\u2019s why\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/world.edu\\\/\",\"name\":\"World leading higher education information and services\",\"description\":\"Global Higher Education Jobs, University jobs, Lecturer &amp; 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