{"id":39829,"date":"2017-07-21T15:26:53","date_gmt":"2017-07-21T22:26:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/world.edu\/?p=39829"},"modified":"2018-07-11T15:35:20","modified_gmt":"2018-07-11T22:35:20","slug":"self-driving-cars-zoomtubes-expert-imagines-evolution-transport-mega-city-one","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/self-driving-cars-zoomtubes-expert-imagines-evolution-transport-mega-city-one\/","title":{"rendered":"From self-driving cars to Zoomtubes: an expert imagines the evolution of transport in Mega City One"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/mega_city_one.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"340\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39830\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/mega_city_one.jpg 680w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/mega_city_one-250x125.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s the year 2102AD. Something has been found underneath Sector 301 of Mega City One. Judge Dredd is on his way to the scene. He\u2019s thundering in from above on his heavy-duty Lawmaster motorbike. Visible below are shiny Zoomtubes, weaving their way through the monolithic habitation blocks and unbroken urban blight. They pulsate with computer-controlled convoys of fast-moving automated vehicles, speeding along inside a vacuum.<\/p>\n<p>As many as 800m people live in Mega City One. It\u2019s crowded. Convulsing. Choking. Breaking under its own weight. The civilian population is mostly illiterate, since artificial intelligence removed the need for most types of work. But they are restless, always on the move and often in trouble. This is why street judges like Dredd exist. To dispatch instant justice, to restore order by force \u2013 they are judge, jury and frequently executioner: they are the law.<\/p>\n<p>Mega City One has a secret. It is built on top of abandoned and ruined \u201cunder cities\u201d, from before the nuclear war of 2070AD. Dredd is descending into this dark undercroft now. Spotlights have been set up around a crime scene, but this is not what attracts Dredd\u2019s attention. No. His eyes are drawn to an old Brutalist building from 1970AD. A set of rusty steel roller-shutter doors have been ripped from their moorings. Inside, there appears to be a brand new, petrol-burning vehicle. These were mass-produced in the 20th century, but now they are incredibly rare and expensive antiques.<br \/>\n<div id=\"attachment_39831\" style=\"width: 690px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39831\" src=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/judgedreed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"383\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39831\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/judgedreed.jpg 680w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/judgedreed-250x141.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-39831\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Judge Dredd: on the case.<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>Why it is here is unclear. It sits inside a laboratory of some kind, connected to ancient silicon-based computers. A transport professor from the City Central De-Education Establishment is already sitting inside the vehicle, looking around in bemused wonderment. \u201cThey were trying to steal this\u201d she says. \u201cIt\u2019s a completely intact driving simulator laboratory from the 21st century\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Dredd pauses for a moment\u2026 \u201cwhat is driving?\u201d he asks.<\/p>\n<p>The professor chuckles. \u201cAbout 100 years ago, people would sit here and turn this large wheel with their hands to send the vehicle left or right. At the same time, they\u2019d press these pedals here with their feet, to start and stop\u201d. Brushing some cobwebs away from the top of the instrument panel, the professor goes on: \u201cSounds dangerous doesn\u2019t it. And in some ways it was. It\u2019s astonishing how something so primitive could be used by so many people.\u201d<br \/>\n<div id=\"attachment_39832\" style=\"width: 690px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39832\" src=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/rivingsimulator.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"510\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39832\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/rivingsimulator.jpg 680w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/rivingsimulator-250x188.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-39832\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Old school: a driving simulator laboratory from the 21st century. Guy Walker\/Heriot Watt University<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>She reaches into the passenger seat and picks up a thick, dusty folder containing hundreds of sheets of paper. \u201cPeople used to think driving was a simple activity, but these documents prove otherwise. Look, here: it\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.crcpress.com\/Human-Factors-in-Automotive-Engineering-and-Technology\/Walker-Stanton\/p\/book\/9781138747258\">a task analysis<\/a> \u2013 an antiquated method of research based on hundreds of hours of observations, looking at how people used to control these things. Did you know, people had to perform more than 3,000 individual tasks, at the correct time, in the correct sequence, in order to avoid crashing? Amazing. In fact, people had quite a lot of trouble adapting to automatic vehicles.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Dredd regards her incredulously. \u201cI know!\u201d she says, smiling, as she shifts herself out of the driver\u2019s seat and walks to the other side of the laboratory. Dredd follows, intrigued. Part of the roof has collapsed and water is leaking in, dripping on piles of old paper books and broken coffee mugs with the crest of a once famous university printed on them. The professor crouches down and peels away a thin sheaf of water-damaged paper from the pile.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis will take years to go through, but look at all these: these old scientific papers offer a fascinating insight into how people in the 21st century were thinking about vehicle automation. They categorised it <a href=\"http:\/\/templatelab.com\/automated-driving\/\">into six levels<\/a>, from zero automation \u2013- a bit like that petrol-burning vehicle over there, where the driver does everything \u2013 right through to full automation, like we have now.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhat\u2019s interesting are the levels in between. For years, their Artificial Intelligence systems weren\u2019t sophisticated enough for full automation in all conditions. So the vehicle controlled some of the functions, such as automatic cruising on the highway \u2013 their equivalent of a Meg-Way. But the human driver had to do the rest. And judging by all these other ancient texts lying here, it seems that caused no end of trouble.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cReally?\u201d Dredd replies, with growing curiosity. \u201cI mean, it just seems obvious that AI is a <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-maths-and-driverless-cars-could-spell-the-end-of-traffic-jams-63462\">much more efficient way<\/a> to pilot our vehicles \u2013 especially when a computer controls the whole traffic system. Why would that ever be a problem?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYou\u2019ll like this then,\u201d the professor says, as she bends down to pick up another text. \u201cThey called it the study of \u2018human factors\u2019. Look: this describes some of the experiments performed in this laboratory a century ago. It says that when a crude safety technology called \u2018anti-lock brakes\u2019 was introduced in 1985AD, people <a href=\"https:\/\/is.muni.cz\/el\/1423\/podzim2016\/PSY540\/um\/64998189\/64998284\/targetrisk3_1.pdf\">in experiments<\/a> drove faster and braked harder, because the new technology made them feel safer.\u201d<br \/>\n<div id=\"attachment_39833\" style=\"width: 690px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39833\" src=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/controlroom.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"510\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39833\" srcset=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/controlroom.jpg 680w, https:\/\/world.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/controlroom-250x188.jpg 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-39833\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ancient history: the laboratory\u2019s control room. Guy Walker\/Heriot Watt University,<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>\u201cAnd this one here. This is <a href=\"http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.514.5506&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\">an early study<\/a> into night-vision from 2000AD. Far from making things safer, the tests showed that it actually made drivers speed up, even in thick fog. And this one here, look, <a href=\"https:\/\/researchportal.hw.ac.uk\/en\/publications\/whats-happened-to-car-design-an-exploratory-study-into-the-effect\">it shows<\/a> that as cars got more technically advanced, their drivers became more isolated from the road and began to lose touch with what was happening around them. It seems as if old-fashioned drivers actually <a href=\"https:\/\/researchportal.hw.ac.uk\/en\/publications\/the-ironies-of-vehicle-feedback-in-car-design\">needed some of that technological primitiveness<\/a> to remain &#8216;situationally aware\u2019. So up to a certain point, having things to do actually helped them to drive better.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>This was beginning to make sense now: AI hadn\u2019t replaced human drivers overnight. It had taken years, decades, for automated transport systems such as the Zoomtube, Robochairs, and Mo-pads to be developed and refined. This slowness to adapt was why you could so often hear Mega City One\u2019s chief transport engineer bemoaning the fact the city would be an engineer\u2019s paradise, were it not for the humans. Dredd bent down to pick up a red book from out of the puddle at his feet.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAh yes, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.crcpress.com\/Human-Factors-in-Automotive-Engineering-and-Technology\/Walker-Stanton\/p\/book\/9781138747258\">Human Factors in Automotive Engineering<\/a>, I\u2019ve been searching for a copy of that text for a while,\u201d the professor says. \u201cIn the back they try to imagine what driving would be like today in the 22nd century. It\u2019s rather quaint.\u201d Turning to face him, the professor looks Dredd straight in the eye: \u201cStill, I wonder what the inhabitants of this ancient city would have thought of Mega City One?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThey would have learnt a lot from our advanced technology,\u201d Dredd replies, with confidence.<\/p>\n<p>Turning away a little wistfully, the professor says to herself, quietly: \u201cI\u2019m not so sure. Mega City One is like a giant machine. The technology rules. It is a logical extension of the ways we humans used to think about cities and transport, back when this building was constructed.\u201d She waves her hand vaguely at the decaying concrete structure they\u2019re standing in.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cBut maybe we could have taken a different direction. A more human-centred direction. Instead of building a city which is optimised for computers, to make things more efficient, we could have used this powerful technology to meet human needs. Like the need for identity, freedom and participation. Heck, people used to enjoy driving some of these old relics\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In the end, the professor has the last word: \u201cDon\u2019t you see, the harder we drive the technology, the more we seek to make things logical and machine-like, the more we get all sorts of unexpected problems, which we humans still need to fix. That\u2019s the problem with all these dystopian comic book cities of the future.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Author Bio:<\/strong> Guy Walker is an Associate Professor in Human Factors at Heriot-Watt University <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It\u2019s the year 2102AD. Something has been found underneath Sector 301 of Mega City One. Judge Dredd is on his way to the scene. He\u2019s thundering in from above on his heavy-duty Lawmaster motorbike. Visible below are shiny Zoomtubes, weaving their way through the monolithic habitation blocks and unbroken urban blight. They pulsate with computer-controlled [&hellip;]\n&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/self-driving-cars-zoomtubes-expert-imagines-evolution-transport-mega-city-one\/\" class=\"more\">learn more&rarr;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":39830,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[32616],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-39829","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-social-change","tag-future-cities"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>From self-driving cars to Zoomtubes: an expert imagines the evolution of transport in Mega City One - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/self-driving-cars-zoomtubes-expert-imagines-evolution-transport-mega-city-one\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"From self-driving cars to Zoomtubes: an expert imagines the evolution of transport in Mega City One - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"It\u2019s the year 2102AD. 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