{"id":39779,"date":"2017-07-18T10:43:55","date_gmt":"2017-07-18T17:43:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/world.edu\/?p=39779"},"modified":"2017-07-18T10:43:55","modified_gmt":"2017-07-18T17:43:55","slug":"inaction-climate-change-risks-leaving-future-generations-530-trillion-debt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/world.edu\/inaction-climate-change-risks-leaving-future-generations-530-trillion-debt\/","title":{"rendered":"Inaction on climate change risks leaving future generations $530 trillion in debt"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

By continuing to delay significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, we risk handing young people alive today a bill of up to US$535 trillion. This would be the cost of the \u201cnegative emissions\u201d technologies required to remove CO\u2082 from the air in order to avoid dangerous climate change.<\/p>\n

These are the main findings of new research published in Earth System Dynamics<\/a>, conducted by an international team led by US climate scientist James Hansen, previously the director of NASA\u2019s Goddard Institute for Space Studies.<\/p>\n

The Paris Agreement<\/a> in 2015 saw the international community agree to limit warming to within 2\u00b0C. The Hansen team argue that the much safer approach is to reduce atmospheric concentrations of CO\u2082 from the current annual average of more than 400ppm (parts per million) back to 1980s levels of 350ppm. This is a moderately more ambitious goal than the aspiration announced in Paris to further attempt to limit warming to no more than 1.5\u00b0C. Many climate scientists and policymakers believe that either the 2\u00b0C or 1.5\u00b0C limits will only be possible with negative emissions<\/a> because the international community will be unable to make the required reductions in time.<\/p>\n

Putting carbon back in the ground<\/strong><\/p>\n

The most promising negative emissions technology is BECCS \u2013 bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration<\/a>. It involves growing crops which are then burnt in power stations to generate electricity. The carbon dioxide produced is captured from the power station chimneys, compressed, and piped deep down into the Earth\u2019s crust where it will be stored for many thousands of years. This scheme would allow us to both generate electricity and reduce the amount of CO\u2082 in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere.
\n

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Other energy sources are at best carbon-neutral, but BECCS removes more than it emits. Elrapto, CC BY-SA<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

BECCS has important limits<\/a>, such as the sheer amount of land, water and fertiliser required to satisfy our energy demand. Perhaps more importantly, it doesn\u2019t exist at anything like the scale required of it. Thus far only small pilot projects<\/a> have demonstrated its feasibility. Other negative emissions approaches<\/a> involve fertilising the ocean<\/a> to increase photosynthesis, or direct air capture<\/a> which sucks CO\u2082 out of the air and converts it into plastics or other products.
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An ethanol production plant in South Dakota, US. We\u2019ll need many more of these \u2013 equipped with carbon capture tech \u2013 to have an impact on global emissions. Jim Parkin \/ shutterstock<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

The Hansen team estimate how much it will cost to extract excess CO\u2082 with BECCS. They conclude that it would be possible to move back to 350ppm mainly with reforestation and improving soils, leaving around 50 billion tonnes of CO\u2082 to be mopped up with negative emissions technologies (the plants grown for BECCS take in the CO\u2082, which is then sequestered when burned).<\/p>\n

But that\u2019s only if we make significant reductions in rates of emissions right now. If we delay, then future generations would need to extract over ten times more CO\u2082 beyond the end of this century.
\n

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Scenarios for future carbon dioxide emissions and extraction.<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

They estimate costs between US$150-350 for each tonne of carbon removed via negative emissions technologies. If global emissions are reduced by 6% each year \u2013 a very challenging but not impossible scenario \u2013 then bringing CO\u2082 concentrations back to 350ppm would cost US$8-18.5 trillion, spread over 80 years at US$100-230 billion a year.<\/p>\n

If emissions remain flat or increase at 2% a year, then total cost balloons to at least US$89 trillion and potentially as much as US$535 trillion. That\u2019s US$1.1 to US$6.7 trillion every year for eight decades.<\/p>\n

To give these numbers some context, the entire US federal budget<\/a> is about US$4 trillion, while spending by all countries on military and defence<\/a> was US$1.7 trillion.<\/p>\n

A climate balancing act<\/strong><\/p>\n

Humans have pumped over 1.5 trillion tonnes<\/a> of CO\u2082 into the atmosphere since 1750. It is not just the amount, but the rate at which this CO\u2082 has been added. The oceans can absorb extra CO\u2082 but not fast enough to remove all human inputs and so it has been progressively building up in the atmosphere<\/a>. This extra CO\u2082 traps more heat than would otherwise escape out into space. More energy is therefore entering the climate system than leaving it.<\/p>\n

Over decades and centuries the climate will move back into balance with the same amount of energy leaving as entering. But this will be at a higher temperature with among other things less ice, higher sea levels, more heatwaves, and more floods. The last time the Earth\u2019s climate experienced such an energy imbalance was the Eemian interglacial period<\/a> some 115,000 years ago. At that time global sea levels were six to nine metres higher than today.<\/p>\n

The Hansen team argues that even maintaining the current energy imbalance risks locking in several metres of sea level rise. That is because slow processes such as melting ice sheets still haven\u2019t \u201ccaught up\u201d. The longer the climate is held out of balance, the greater their effect will be.
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Climate change isn\u2019t instant. Even if carbon emissions ceased today, ice caps would keep melting for decades. Bernhard Staehli \/ shutterstock<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

One argument against making drastic cuts to greenhouse gas emissions is that it will harm economies as our industries are still largely fossil fuelled. Responding to climate change needs to balance the desire to continue to grow economies today with avoiding disastrous climate change or prohibitively expensive remedies tomorrow.<\/p>\n

Whatever assumptions you make about economic growth, or however much you discount future costs, it\u2019s unimaginable that US$535 trillion could be afforded. While these costs will be spread over 80 years, this will also be a period in which the global population will increase from seven billion to perhaps 11 billion and beyond<\/a>. Humanity will need to grow enough crops to feed these billions while fuelling BECCS schemes at a time when climate change will already be impacting food production. There are also no guarantees that BECCS or any other negative emission technologies will actually work. If they fail then large amounts of CO\u2082 could be released very rapidly with disastrous consequences.<\/p>\n

By delaying significant carbon emission reductions we risk handing both an impossible financial and technological burden to future generations. Our children and grandchildren may be unable to understand how we negotiated such an arrangement on their behalf.<\/p>\n

Author Bio:<\/strong> James Dyke is a Lecturer in Sustainability Science at the University of Southampton <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By continuing to delay significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, we risk handing young people alive today a bill of up to US$535 trillion. This would be the cost of the \u201cnegative emissions\u201d technologies required to remove CO\u2082 from the air in order to avoid dangerous climate change. These are the main findings of new […]\n… learn more→<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":39780,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[128],"tags":[92264],"coauthors":[11733],"class_list":["post-39779","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","tag-climate-change-inaction"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nInaction on climate change risks leaving future generations $530 trillion in debt - World leading higher education information and services<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/world.edu\/inaction-climate-change-risks-leaving-future-generations-530-trillion-debt\/\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Inaction on climate change risks leaving future generations $530 trillion in debt - World leading higher education information and services\" class=\"yoast-seo-meta-tag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By continuing to delay significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, we risk handing young people alive today a bill of up to US$535 trillion. 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