Articles on 16th century

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An auto-da-fé − a public punishment for heretics − in San Bartolome Otzolotepec, in present-day Mexico. Museo Nacional de Arte via Wikimedia Commons

Jews were barred from Spain’s New World colonies − but that didn’t stop Jewish and converso writers from describing the Americas

Two 16th-century texts about the Americas by Jewish writers reflect the complicated place Jews and ‘conversos’ held in the early modern world.
Andrea Mantegna, Minerva (Athena) expelling Vices from the Garden of Virtue, from the Studiolo of Isabella d'Este, Palazzo Ducale, Mantua (c. 1499–1502). Louvre Museum/Wikimedia Commons

Influence, authority and power: how elite women played a crucial role in the Italian Wars of the 16th century

Women’s participation in warfare is not a recent phenomenon. Women played many roles in the Italian Wars, which engulfed Europe between 1494 and 1559.
Adding water to the mash vat as part of the brewing process: from left to right, Adrian Warrell (historic brewer), Charlie Taverner (postdoctoral researcher) and Marc Meltonville (head brewer) and Jamie Comer from Storylab at Anglia Ruskin University. Susan Flavin

Five things our research uncovered when we recreated 16th century beer (and barrels)

At Christchurch Cathedral in Dublin masons received up to 15 pints a day as payment.
Five hundred years ago, Martin Luther, a professor and preacher, published the 95 Theses, a list of debating points on the Christian religion which sparked the Reformation movement. (Jonathan Schoeps/Shutterstock)

The preacher who changed Europe: Reformation at 500 years

Historical accounts of Martin Luther skew or ignore debates about religion and make him hardly recognizable as a pastor and preacher. But his theology changed Europe.

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